材料科學(xué)與工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)

前言

　　出版系列的專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教材，是許多院校多年來(lái)共同的愿望。在高等教育面向21世紀(jì)的改革中，學(xué)生的基本素質(zhì)、知識(shí)面及實(shí)際工作能力的培養(yǎng)受到空前重視，其中專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)水平是衡量大學(xué)生素質(zhì)能力的重要指標(biāo)之一。在此背景下，教育部多次組織會(huì)議研究加強(qiáng)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)問(wèn)題，制定有關(guān)規(guī)范，使外語(yǔ)教學(xué)更加受到重視。教材是教學(xué)的基本要素之一，與基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)相比，專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的教材問(wèn)題顯得尤為突出?！　?guó)家主管部門(mén)的重視和廣大院校的呼吁引起了化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社的關(guān)注，他們及時(shí)地與原化工部教育主管部門(mén)和全國(guó)化工類(lèi)專(zhuān)業(yè)教學(xué)指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)請(qǐng)示協(xié)商后，組織全國(guó)十余所院校成立了大學(xué)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)閱讀教材編委會(huì)。在經(jīng)過(guò)必要的調(diào)研后，根據(jù)學(xué)校需求，編委會(huì)優(yōu)先從各校教學(xué)（交流）講義中確定選題，同時(shí)組織力量開(kāi)展編審工作。本套教材涉及的專(zhuān)業(yè)主要包括：化學(xué)工程與工藝、石油化工、機(jī)械工程、信息工程、工業(yè)過(guò)程自動(dòng)化、應(yīng)用化學(xué)、生物工程、環(huán)境工程、精細(xì)化工及制藥工程、材料科學(xué)與工程、化工商貿(mào)等。　　《材料科學(xué)與工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)》教材第一版于2003年2月由化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社出版。2002年9月交稿時(shí)，其中包括的課文與閱讀材料均選自1999～2002年的原版英文教材、科技報(bào)告、著作及專(zhuān)業(yè)期刊。現(xiàn)6年多過(guò)去了，在材料科學(xué)與工程方面出現(xiàn)很多創(chuàng)新理論與技術(shù)，因此，有必要將有關(guān)新的知識(shí)體系對(duì)原教材進(jìn)行更新和完善。2009年6月，該教材第二版被確認(rèn)為普通高等教育“十一五”國(guó)家級(jí)規(guī)劃教材出版。為此，我們吸收第一版時(shí)的出版經(jīng)驗(yàn)，對(duì)教材第二版中的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了重新設(shè)計(jì)，所有課文和閱讀材料均選自2006～2009年出版的原版英文教科書(shū)、科技報(bào)告、著作及專(zhuān)業(yè)期刊等，并增加了相關(guān)的閱讀練習(xí)?！　〗滩奶攸c(diǎn)：根據(jù)國(guó)家“十一五”教材出版規(guī)劃，按照“全國(guó)部分高?；ゎ?lèi)及相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)閱讀教材編審委員會(huì)”的要求和安排編寫(xiě)的《材料科學(xué)與工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)》教材，具有以下特點(diǎn)：（1）知識(shí)面寬：該書(shū)囊括了目前與材料科學(xué)相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)的各類(lèi)知識(shí)，金屬材料、陶瓷材料、聚合物材料、復(fù)合材料、納米結(jié)構(gòu)材料及生物材料等內(nèi)容，覆蓋范圍寬，學(xué)科全面；（2）內(nèi)容新穎：教材讀物均選自國(guó)外最新出版的相關(guān)學(xué)科教材、專(zhuān)著或期刊論文，內(nèi)容新穎，學(xué)科前沿知識(shí)豐富，學(xué)生和教師都可從中了解材料科學(xué)的最新發(fā)展趨勢(shì)；（3）趣味性強(qiáng)：教材讀物在保證學(xué)科知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)性、全面性的前提下，有相當(dāng)一部分具有很強(qiáng)的趣味性。我們?cè)诓牧峡茖W(xué)類(lèi)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的教學(xué)過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)，學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)科專(zhuān)業(yè)以外的知識(shí)；如教材中生物材料和納米材料的功能、應(yīng)用及其制備表現(xiàn)出極大的興趣，這樣有利于學(xué)生拓寬知識(shí)面、開(kāi)闊視野；（4）讀者面寬：《材料科學(xué)與工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)》教材適用于各類(lèi)材料專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生使用。

內(nèi)容概要

《材料科學(xué)與工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)》為普通高等教育“十一五”國(guó)家級(jí)規(guī)劃教材，是根據(jù)《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱》專(zhuān)業(yè)閱讀部分的要求編寫(xiě)的。全書(shū)共分七部分，共24個(gè)單元，每個(gè)單元由一篇課文和一篇閱讀材料組成。閱讀材料提供與課文相應(yīng)的背景知識(shí)或是課文的續(xù)篇；根據(jù)課文與閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，配有相應(yīng)的練習(xí)題、注釋和詞匯表。課文與閱讀材料共計(jì)48篇，均選自2006～2009年出版的原版英文教科書(shū)、科技報(bào)告、著作及專(zhuān)業(yè)期刊等。其中，第Ⅰ部分為材料科學(xué)與工程概論，主要介紹材料科學(xué)與工程的歷史、材料的分類(lèi)、材料的特性、材料與化學(xué)的關(guān)系，以及材料科學(xué)的研究進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)；第Ⅱ～Ⅶ部分，分別介紹金屬材料（包括合金）、陶瓷材料、聚合物材料、復(fù)合材料、納米結(jié)構(gòu)材料和生物醫(yī)學(xué)材料的化學(xué)組成、性質(zhì)、種類(lèi)、制造技術(shù)和用途等。     本教材內(nèi)容豐富、新穎，知識(shí)面寬，趣味性強(qiáng)；適應(yīng)于各類(lèi)材料專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生使用，也可作為研究生、教師及相關(guān)領(lǐng)域研究人員的學(xué)習(xí)參考書(shū)。

書(shū)籍目錄

Part ⅠINTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS   SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING    Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering  Unit 2 Classification of Materials  Unit 3 Atomic Structure of Materials  Unit 4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Materials  Unit 5 Mechanical Properties of Materials  Unit 6 Looking Beyond the Last 50 Years:The Future of Materials   Science and EngineeringPart ⅡMETALLIC MATERIALS AND ALLOYS   Unit 7 Introduction to Metals and Alloys  Unit 8 Superalloy  Unit 9 Corrosion of Metallic MaterialsPart ⅢCERAMICS  Unit 10 Introduction to Ceramic Materials  Unit 11 Relationship among Microstructure,Processing,and Applications  Unit 12 Bioceramics（Part Ⅰ)Part ⅣPOLYMER   Unit 13 Introduction to Polymer  Unit 14 Soft Materials：Polymers and Plastics  Unit 15 Biodegradable Polymers for Food PackagingPart ⅤCOMPOSITES   Unit 16 Introduction to Composites  Unit 17 Properties of Composite Materials  Unit 18 Polymer Nanotechnology: NanocompositesPART ⅥNANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS  Unit 19 Nanotechnology and Nanostructured Materials  Unit 20 Creation of Nanostructured Materials  Unit 21 Applications of Nanostructured MaterialsPART ⅦBIOMATERIALS   Unit 22 Biomaterial: An Introduction  Unit 23 Applications of Biocomposites  Unit 24 Biocompatible Dental MaterialsAPPENDIXES AppendMain Journals of materials Science and TechnologyAnswer to Reading ComprehensionGLOSSORY

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Sustainable development is the level of human activity that can meet the needs of thepresent without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their ownneeds.Present world C02 emissions are quite alarming.The ozone-depleting chlorofluorocar-bon（CFC）consumption is also quite serious.The United States and European Union haveaddressed the ozone depletion issue with government policies and strict enforcement；Chinaand Brazil have yet to rise to the occasion.　　The outlook is optimistic，especially when we see initiatives to reduce greenhouse gasemissions in the United States as well as certain European nations（e.g.，F(xiàn)inland）.In theUnited States。a tenth of venture capital is invested in clean energy.The Economist estimatedthat the total investment going into clean energy in 2006 was$63 billion（versus$49 bil-lion in 2005，and$30 billion in 2004）.Nanosolar Inc.，based in California，hopes to signifi-cantly cut the cost of producing solar panels.Nanosolar uses new non-silicon semiconductormaterials with the absorber being two orders of magnitude thinner than that of silicon wafercells.Tekes，the National Technology Agency of Finland，has announced targets for increa-ses in total consumption of renewable energy of 40 9，6 by the year 2025.　　The global demand for energy is growing at alarming rates，and the demand from developingcountries will further exacerbate the situation.The current energy utilization worldwide is about 14terawatts，and bv the end of the 21st century，it may reach 50 terawatts.There has to be a shift to renewable energv sources from fossil fuels，which today supply about 80％of the world’s energy.Earth-based renewable sources of energy（i.e.，hydroelectricity，wind，geothermal，bio-mass，etc.）will not be sufficient to meet the energy consumption needs of the world.Solar power will certainly be an important resourc~We will see future material developments in nanostructured materials，advanced photovoltaic materials such as nanocrystalline silicon thin films and novel chal-cogenides，advanced catalysts with more accessible surface area，nanostructured catalyst supports，and membranes.Light-emitting diodes with enhanced quantum efficiency for lighting devices will al-so play an important role.　　The hydrogen economy has the potential to enable us to provide for our future energy needs from renewable energy sources.However，we need to be able to develop efficient cata-lytic electrolytic processes to convert water to hydrogen using sunlight.Hydrogen storage is another serious issue，and advanced materials will be developed to safely store hydrogen and also to have the ability to release the hydrogen when needed.Nanostructured materials and novel hydrides will play an important role in these endeavors.Lastly，we will see many ad～vances in fuel cells，which utilize hydrogen to convert chemical energy to electrical energy and have the advantage of generating power quietly and without harmful emissions；the chal～lenge will be for fuel cells to have high sustainable energy densities.We wil　　see maj or devel～opments in solid-oxide fueI cells。molten carbonate fuel cells，polymer electrolyte membrane ruel cells。and phosphoric acid fuel cells.

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