微觀經濟學

內容概要

　　《微觀經濟學》（19版，雙語注疏本）是薩繆爾森先生的絕筆，《微觀經濟學》自1948 年問世以來就廣受贊譽，先后被翻譯成40
多種文字，是有史以來發(fā)行量最大、至今在全球范圍內仍然被廣泛采用的經濟學教科書。《微觀經濟學》在經歷了前18個版本的積累和沉淀后融入了時代變革的元素和新的案例及數據。以此為基礎，為了讓廣大讀者對薩繆爾森經典有更好的了解，我們添加了詞句解釋和注疏——既有譯者對標題和難懂的詞句的中文注釋，也有譯者對英文原文中的語言、原作者的寫作背景以及經濟學家和企業(yè)等的注疏。

作者簡介

　　保羅·薩繆爾森（Paul A.
Samuelson），畢業(yè)于芝加哥大學和哈佛大學，是麻省理工學院經濟學系的創(chuàng)始人。他的許多著作使他在年輕時就贏得了世界性的聲譽。他于1970
年獲得諾貝爾經濟學獎，是美國第一個獲得此項大獎的經濟學家。薩繆爾森教授曾長期為美國《新聞周刊》的經濟學欄目撰稿，曾擔任美國總統約翰·肯尼迪的經濟顧問，屬于那種能夠同普通民眾進行交流和溝通的為數極少的科學家之一。薩繆爾森常出席國會聽證，并為聯邦儲備、財政部、許多私人機構和非營利機構擔任咨詢專家。除了在麻省理工學院做研究工作和經常打網球之外，薩繆爾森教授還是紐約大學的客座教授。他的６個孩子（包括一次三胞胎）為薩繆爾森家族衍續(xù)了15個子孫。
　　威廉·諾德豪斯（William D.
Nordhaus），美國杰出經濟學家之一，出生于新墨西哥州的阿爾布開克。本科就讀于耶魯大學，經濟學博士學位在麻省理工學院獲得?，F任耶魯大學斯特林經濟學教授，考爾斯經濟學研究基金會理事，國家經濟研究局（NBER）研究員。諾德豪斯的經濟學研究范圍很寬，包括環(huán)境、能源、技術變革和經濟增長，以及利潤和生產率的增長趨勢。此外，對經濟政策研究非常感興趣。1977~1979
年是卡特總統經濟顧問委員會的成員，曾多次出席政府顧問委員會的會議，不時為《紐約圖書評論》和其他報刊撰文。在耶魯大學他主講經濟學原理課程。諾德豪斯教授與妻子芭芭拉居住在康涅狄格州的紐黑文市。教學寫作之余，他喜歡音樂、旅游、滑雪，和家人在一起。
　　于 健，中國政法大學教授，文革前的“老三屆”，文革后的“77 屆”；國內重點高校中率先同步引進薩繆爾森各版次經典的經濟學教材，18
年如一日用中西哲學的不同思維研究薩繆爾森經濟學、采用中英雙語教育的學者。于健教授先后求學和任教于北京大學、中國政法大學、首都師范大學、遼寧師范大學、沈陽師范大學、北京工商大學、山西晉中學院等，曾應邀出任了歐盟EuroSinoEducationalNetwork
項目的中方首席主持人、國家級火炬計劃《中小學數字化圖書館》和《全國中小學通用校園網》等項目主持人。于健教授在長期的教學實踐中，努力探索教學改革，思考并著述中國教育改革和出路等問題，代表作有《中國教育的出路問題》和《中國英語教育改革探思錄》等。

書籍目錄

一位中道老者的宣言
前　言
經濟學與互聯網
第一編　基本概念
第1 章　經濟學的主要概念
第1 章附錄　如何看圖
第2 章　現代混合經濟
第3 章　供給和需求的基本原理
第二編　微觀經濟學：供給、需求和
　　　　產品市場
第4 章　供給和需求：彈性和應用
第5 章　需求和消費者行為
第5 章附錄　消費均衡的幾何分析
第6 章　生產和企業(yè)組織
第7 章　成本分析
第7 章附錄　生產、成本理論和企業(yè)決策
第8 章　完全競爭市場分析
第9 章　不完全競爭及壟斷
第10 章　幾個競爭者之間的競爭
第11 章　不確定性經濟學
第三編　要素市場 ：勞動、土地和資本
第12 章　市場如何決定收入
第13 章　勞動市場
第14 章　土地、自然資源和環(huán)境
第15 章　資本、利息和利潤
A Centrist Proclamation xxxi
Preface xxxiii
For the Student: Economics and the Internet xxxviii
PART ONE BASIC CONCEPTS 1
Chapter 1 The Central Concepts of Economics 3
Appendix 1 How to Read Graphs 18
Chapter 2 The Modern Mixed Economy 25
Chapter 3 Basic Elements of Supply and Demand 45
PART TWO MICROECONOMICS: SUPPLY,
DEMAND, AND PRODUCT MARKETS 63
Chapter 4 Supply and Demand: Elasticity and Applications 65
Chapter 5 Demand and Consumer Behavior 84
Appendix 5 Geometrical Analysis of Consumer Equilibrium 101
Chapter 6 Production and Business Organization 107
Chapter 7 Analysis of Costs 126
Appendix 7 Production, Cost Theory, and Decisions of the Firm
144
Chapter 8 Analysis of Perfectly Competitive Markets 149
Chapter 9 Imperfect Competition and Monopoly 169
Chapter 10 Competition among the Few 187
Chapter 11 Economics of Uncertainty 211
PART THREE FACTOR MARKETS: LABOR, LAND,
AND CAPITAL 227
Chapter 12 How Markets Determine Incomes 229
Chapter 13 The Labor Market 248
Chapter 14 Land, Natural Resources, and the Environment 267
Chapter 15 Capital, Interest, and Profits 283
Contents in Brief
PART FOUR APPLICATIONS OF ECONOMIC
PRINCIPLES 301
Chapter 16 Government Taxation and Expenditure 303
Chapter 17 Efficiency vs. Equality: The Big Tradeoff 323
Chapter 18 International Trade 339
Glossary of Terms 365
Index 392
第四編　經濟學原理的應用
第16 章　政府稅收和支出
第17 章　效率與公平的平衡
第18 章　國際貿易
專業(yè)術語表
索　引
A Centrist Proclamation xxxi
Preface xxxiii
For the Student: Economics and the Internet xxxviii
PART ONE BASIC CONCEPTS 1
Chapter 1 The Central Concepts of Economics 3
A. Why Study Economics? 3
For Whom the Bell Toll 3
Scarcity and Efficiency: The Twin Themes of Economics 3
Definitions of Economics
Scarcity and Efficiency
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
The Logic of Economics 5
Cool Heads at the Service of Warm Hearts 6
B. The Three Problems of Economic Organization 7
Market, Command, and Mixed Economies 8
C. Society’s Technological Possibilities 8
Inputs and Outputs 9
The Production-Possibility Frontier 9
Applying the PPF to Society’s Choices
Opportunity Costs
Efficiency
Summary 15
Concepts for Review 15
Further Reading and Internet Websites 16
Questions for Discussion 16
Appendix 1 How to Read Graphs 18
The Production-Possibility Frontier 18
Production-Possibility Graph
A Smooth Curve
Slopes and Lines
Slope of a Curved Line
Slope as the Marginal Value
Shifts of and Movement along Curves
Some Special Graphs
Summary to Appendix 23
Concepts for Review 24
Questions for Discussion 24
詳細目錄
一位中道老者的宣言
前　言
經濟學與互聯網
第一編　基本概念
第1 章　經濟學的主要概念
A. 為什么學經濟學
戰(zhàn)地鐘聲
稀缺與效率：經濟學的雙重主題
經濟學的定義
稀缺與效率
微觀經濟學與宏觀經濟學
經濟學的邏輯
熱切的心情，冷靜的頭腦
B. 經濟組織的三個問題
市場經濟、指令經濟與混合經濟
C. 社會的技術可能性
投入和產出
生產的可能性邊界
生產可能性邊界的應用
機會成本
效　率
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第1 章附錄　如何看圖
生產可能性邊界
生產可能性圖表
一條平滑的曲線
斜率和線段
曲線的斜率
作為邊際值的斜率
曲線的移動和沿著曲線移動
某些特殊的圖
總　結
概念復習
問題討論
Contents
Chapter 2 The Modern Mixed Economy 25
A. The Market Mechanism 26
Not Chaos, but Economic Order
How Markets Solve the Three Economic Problems
The Dual Monarchy
A Picture of Prices and Markets
The Invisible Hand
B. Trade, Money, and Capital 30
Trade, Specialization, and Division of Labor 31
Money: The Lubricant of Exchange 33
Capital 33
Capital and Private Property
C. The Visible Hand of Government 34
Efficiency 35
Imperfect Competition
Externalities
Public Goods
Equity 38
Macroeconomic Growth and Stability 39
The Rise of the Welfare State 40
Conservative Backlash
The Mixed Economy Today
Summary 41
Concepts for Review 42
Further Reading and Internet Websites 43
Questions for Discussion 43
Chapter 3 Basic Elements of Supply and Demand 45
A. The Demand Schedule 46
The Demand Curve 47
Market Demand
Forces behind the Demand Curve
Shifts in Demand
B. The Supply Schedule 51
The Supply Curve 51
Forces behind the Supply Curve
Shifts in Supply
C. Equilibrium of Supply and Demand 53
Equilibrium with Supply and Demand Curves 54
Effect of a Shift in Supply or Demand
Interpreting Changes in Price and Quantity
Supply, Demand, and Immigration
Rationing by Prices 59
第2 章　現代混合經濟
A. 市場機制
不是混亂，而是經濟秩序
市場如何解決三個經濟問題
雙重君主
價格和市場關系圖
看不見的手
B. 貿易、貨幣和資本
貿易、專業(yè)化和勞動分工
貨幣：交換的潤滑劑
資　本
資本和私有財產
C. 政府的看得見的手
效　率
不完全競爭
外部性
公共物品
公　平
宏觀經濟增長與穩(wěn)定
福利國家的產生
保守派的反擊
當今的混合經濟
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第3 章　供給與需求的基本原理
A. 需求表
需求曲線
市場需求
需求曲線背后的因素
需求的變動
B. 供給表
供給曲線
供給曲線背后的因素
供給的變動
C. 供給與需求的均衡
供給曲線與需求曲線的均衡
供給或需求的移動對均衡的影響
解釋價格和數量的變動
供給、需求和移民
通過價格配給
Summary 60
Concepts for Review 61
Further Reading and Internet Websites 61
Questions for Discussion 61
PART TWO MICROECONOMICS: SUPPLY,
DEMAND, AND PRODUCT MARKETS 63
Chapter 4 Supply and Demand: Elasticity and Applications 65
A. Price Elasticity of Demand and Supply 65
Price Elasticity of Demand 65
Calculating Elasticities
Price Elasticity in Diagrams
A Shortcut for Calculating Elasticities
The Algebra of Elasticities
Elasticity Is Not the Same as Slope
Elasticity and Revenue 70
The Paradox of the Bumper Harvest
Price Elasticity of Supply 72
B. Applications to Major Economic Issues 73
The Economics of Agriculture 73
Long-Run Relative Decline of Farming
Impact of a Tax on Price and Quantity 75
Minimum Floors and Maximum Ceilings 77
The Minimum-Wage Controversy
Energy Price Controls
Rationing by the Queue, by Coupons, or by the Purse?
Summary 81
Concepts for Review 82
Further Reading and Internet Websites 82
Questions for Discussion 82
Chapter 5 Demand and Consumer Behavior 84
Choice and Utility Theory 84
Marginal Utility and the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
A Numerical Example
Derivation of Demand Curves 87
The Equimarginal Principle
Why Demand Curves Slope Downward
Leisure and the Optimal Allocation of Time
Analytical Developments in Utility Theory
An Alternative Approach: Substitution Effect and Income Effect
89
Substitution Effect
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第二編　微觀經濟學：供給、需求和
　　　　產品市場
第4 章　供給和需求：彈性和應用
A. 需求和供給的價格彈性
需求的價格彈性
彈性的計算
價格彈性圖
計算彈性的捷徑
彈性的代數計算
彈性與斜率不同
彈性和收益
農作物大豐收背后的悖論
供給的價格彈性
B. 彈性在主要經濟問題中的應用
農業(yè)經濟學
農業(yè)在長期相對衰落
稅收對價格和數量的影響
最低下限與最高上限
關于最低工資的爭議
能源價格管制
通過排隊、配給券及資金進行配給
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第5 章　需求和消費者行為
選擇和效用理論
邊際效用和邊際效用遞減規(guī)律
效用的數字圖表說明
需求曲線的衍生
等邊際法則
為什么需求曲線向下傾斜
閑暇和時間的最優(yōu)分配
效用理論的應用分析
另一種分析方法：替代效應和收入效應
替代效應
Income Effect
From Individual to Market Demand 91
Demand Shifts
Substitutes and Complements
Empirical Estimates of Price and Income Elasticities
The Economics of Addiction 94
The Paradox of Value 95
Consumer Surplus 96
Applications of Consumer Surplus
Summary 98
Concepts for Review 99
Further Reading and Internet Websites 99
Questions for Discussion 99
Appendix 5 Geometrical Analysis of Consumer Equilibrium 101
The Indifference Curve 101
Law of Substitution
The Indifference Map
Budget Line or Budget Constraint 103
The Equilibrium Position of Tangency 104
Changes in Income and Price 104
Income Change
Single Price Change
Deriving the Demand Curve 105
Summary to Appendix 106
Concepts for Review 106
Questions for Discussion 106
Chapter 6 Production and Business Organization 107
A. Theory of Production and Marginal Products 107
Basic Concepts 107
The Production Function
Total, Average, and Marginal Product
The Law of Diminishing Returns
Returns to Scale 111
Short Run and Long Run 112
Technological Change 113
Productivity and the Aggregate Production Function 116
Productivity
Productivity Growth from Economies of Scale and Scope
Empirical Estimates of the Aggregate Production Function
B. Business Organizations 118
The Nature of the Firm 118
收入效應
從個人需求到市場需求
需求的移動
替代品和互補品
價格彈性和收入彈性的經驗估計
上癮物品的經濟學問題
價值悖論
消費者剩余
消費者剩余的應用
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第5 章附錄　消費者均衡的幾何分析
無差異曲線
替代規(guī)律
無差異曲線圖
預算線或預算約束
切點的均衡位置
收入和價格的變化
收入變化
一種物品的價格變化
推導需求曲線
總　結
概念復習
問題討論
第6 章　生產和企業(yè)組織
A. 生產理論和邊際產量
基本概念
生產函數
總產量、平均產量和邊際產量
邊際收益遞減規(guī)律
規(guī)模報酬
短期和長期
技術變革
生產率與總生產函數
生產率
規(guī)模經濟和范圍經濟引起的生產率上升
總生產函數的經驗估計
B. 企業(yè)組織
企業(yè)的性質
Big, Small, and Infi nitesimal Businesses 119
The Individual Proprietorship
The Partnership
The Corporation
Ownership, Control, and Executive Compensation
Summary 123
Concepts for Review 124
Further Reading and Internet Websites 124
Questions for Discussion 124
Chapter 7 Analysis of Costs 126
A. Economic Analysis of Costs 126
Total Cost: Fixed and Variable 126
Fixed Cost
Variable Cost
Definition of Marginal Cost 127
Average Cost 129
Average or Unit Cost
Average Fixed and Variable Costs
The Relation between Average Cost and Marginal Cost
The Link between Production and Costs 132
Diminishing Returns and U-Shaped Cost Curves
Choice of Inputs by the Firm 134
Marginal Products and the Least-Cost Rule
B. Economic Costs and Business Accounting 135
The Income Statement, or Statement of Profit and Loss 135
The Balance Sheet 136
Accounting Conventions
Financial Finagling
C. Opportunity Costs 139
Opportunity Cost and Markets 140
Summary 141
Concepts for Review 142
Further Reading and Internet Websites 142
Questions for Discussion 142
Appendix 7 Production, Cost Theory, and Decisions of the Firm
144
A Numerical Production Function 144
The Law of Diminishing Marginal Product 144
Least-Cost Factor Combination for a Given Output 145
Equal-Product Curves
Equal-Cost Lines
Equal-Product and Equal-Cost Contours: Least-Cost Tangency
大企業(yè)、小企業(yè)和微型企業(yè)
獨資經營
合伙制
公　司
所有權、控制和高管薪酬
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第7 章　成本分析
A. 成本的經濟分析
總成本：固定成本和可變成本
固定成本
可變成本
邊際成本的定義
平均成本
平均成本或單位成本
平均固定成本和平均可變成本
平均成本和邊際成本之間的關系
生產與成本之間的聯系
收益遞減和U 形成本曲線
企業(yè)的投入選擇
邊際產量和最低成本法則
B. 經濟成本和企業(yè)會計
收益表或損益表
資產負債表
會計慣例
財務欺詐
C. 機會成本
機會成本和市場
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第7 章附錄　生產、成本理論和企業(yè)決策
數值化的生產函數
邊際產量遞減規(guī)律
既定產量的最低成本要素組合
等產量曲線
等成本線
等產量曲線和等成本曲線的切點：最低成本
Least-Cost Conditions
Summary to Appendix 147
Concepts for Review 148
Questions for Discussion 148
Chapter 8 Analysis of Perfectly Competitive Markets 149
A. Supply Behavior of the Competitive Firm 149
Behavior of a Competitive Firm 149
Profit Maximization
Perfect Competition
Competitive Supply Where Marginal Cost Equals Price
Total Cost and the Shutdown Condition
B. Supply Behavior in Competitive Industries 154
Summing All Firms’ Supply Curves to Get Market Supply 154
Short-Run and Long-Run Equilibrium 155
The Long Run for a Competitive Industry
C. Special Cases of Competitive Markets 157
General Rules 157
Constant Cost
Increasing Costs and Diminishing Returns
Fixed Supply and Economic Rent
Backward-Bending Supply Curve
Shifts in Supply
D. Efficiency and Equity of Competitive Markets 160
Evaluating the Market Mechanism 160
The Concept of Efficiency
Efficiency of Competitive Equilibrium
Equilibrium with Many Consumers and Markets
Marginal Cost as a Benchmark for Efficiency
Qualifications 163
Market Failures
Two Cheers for the Market, but Not Three
Summary 165
Concepts for Review 166
Further Reading and Internet Websites 166
Questions for Discussion 166
Chapter 9 Imperfect Competition and Monopoly 169
A. Patterns of Imperfect Competition 169
Definition of Imperfect Competition
Varieties of Imperfect Competitors 171
Monopoly
Oligopoly
成本最小的條件
總　結
概念復習
問題討論
第8 章　完全競爭市場分析
A. 競爭企業(yè)的供給行為
競爭企業(yè)的行為
利潤最大化
完全競爭
邊際成本等于價格時的競爭供給
總成本與停業(yè)條件
B. 競爭行業(yè)的供給行為
加總所有企業(yè)的供給曲線得到市場供給曲線
短期和長期均衡
競爭性行業(yè)的長期均衡
C. 競爭市場的特殊情況
一般原則
成本不變
成本遞增，收益遞減
固定供給與經濟租金
向后彎曲的供給曲線
供給的移動
D. 競爭市場的效率和公平
對市場機制的評價
效率的概念
競爭性均衡的效率
眾多消費者和市場的均衡
邊際成本是效率的標桿
限　制
市場失靈
市場有優(yōu)點，也有缺點
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第9 章　不完全競爭及壟斷
A. 不完全競爭的模式
不完全競爭的定義
形形色色的不完全競爭者
壟　斷
寡　頭
Monopolistic Competition
Sources of Market Imperfections 173
Costs and Market Imperfection
Barriers to Entry
B. Monopoly Behavior 177
The Concept of Marginal Revenue 177
Price, Quantity, and Total Revenue
Marginal Revenue and Price
Elasticity and Marginal Revenue
Profit-Maximizing Conditions 180
Monopoly Equilibrium in Graphs
Perfect Competition as a Polar Case of Imperfect Competition
The Marginal Principle: Let Bygones Be Bygones 183
Loss Aversion and the Marginal Principle
Summary 184
Concepts for Review 185
Further Reading and Internet Websites 185
Questions for Discussion 186
Chapter 10 Competition among the Few 187
A. Behavior of Imperfect Competitors 187
Measures of Market Power
The Nature of Imperfect Competition 189
Theories of Imperfect Competition 189
Collusive Oligopoly
Monopolistic Competition
Rivalry among the Few
Price Discrimination 193
B. Game Theory 195
Thinking about Price Setting
Basic Concepts 196
Alternative Strategies
Games, Games, Everywhere …
C. Public Policies to Combat Market Power 199
Economic Costs of Imperfect Competition 199
The Cost of Inflated Prices and Reduced Output
The Static Costs of Imperfect Competition
Public Policies on Imperfect Competition
Regulating Economic Activity 201
Why Regulate Industry?
Containing Market Power
Remedying Information Failures
Antitrust Law and Economics 203
壟斷競爭
市場不完全競爭的根源
成本與市場的不完全性
進入壁壘
B. 壟斷行為
邊際收益的概念
價格、數量和總收益
邊際收益和價格
彈性和邊際收益
利潤最大化的條件
壟斷均衡圖示
完全競爭是不完全競爭的一個極端情況
邊際原則：讓過去成為過去
損失規(guī)避和邊際原則
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第10 章　幾個競爭者之間的競爭
A. 不完全競爭者的行為
市場力量的衡量
不完全競爭的實質
不完全競爭理論
勾結寡頭
壟斷競爭
寡頭之間的競爭
價格歧視
B. 博弈論
定價策略
基本概念
其他策略
博弈無處不在
C. 公共政策對市場的削弱
不完全競爭的經濟成本
物價上漲與產出降低的成本
不完全競爭的靜態(tài)成本
不完全競爭的公共政策
對經濟活動的干預
為何干預產業(yè)
遏制市場力量
彌補信息失靈
反壟斷法與經濟意義
The Framework Statutes
Basic Issues in Antitrust Law: Conduct and Structure 204
Illegal Conduct
Structure: Is Bigness Badness?
Antitrust Laws and Efficiency
Summary 207
Concepts for Review 208
Further Reading and Internet Websites 208
Questions for Discussion 209
Chapter 11 Economics of Uncertainty 211
A. Economics of Risk and Uncertainty 211
Speculation: Shipping Assets or Goods Across Space and Time
212
Arbitrage and Geographic Price Patterns
Speculation and Price Behavior over Time
Shedding Risks through Hedging
The Economic Impacts of Speculation
Risk and Uncertainty 215
B. The Economics of Insurance 216
Capital Markets and Risk Sharing
Market Failures in Information 217
Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection
Social Insurance 218
C. Health Care: The Problem That Won’t Go Away 219
The Economics of Medical Care 219
Special Economic Features of Health Care
Health Care as a Social Insurance Program
Rationing Health Care
D. Innovation and Information 221
Schumpeter’s Radical Innovation
The Economics of Information
Intellectual Property Rights
The Dilemma of the Internet
Summary 224
Concepts for Review 225
Further Reading and Internet Websites 225
Questions for Discussion 225
PART THREE FACTOR MARKETS: LABOR,
LAND, AND CAPITAL 227
Chapter 12 How Markets Determine Incomes 229
A. Income and Wealth 229
框架條例
反壟斷法的基本問題：行為和結構
非法行為
結構：大的不好嗎
反壟斷法與效率
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第11 章　不確定性經濟學
A. 風險和不確定性經濟學
投機：資產與商品的跨時空調配
套利和價格地理格局
不同時間的投機和價格行為
通過套期保值分攤風險
投機的經濟影響
風險和不確定性
B. 保險經濟學
資本市場與風險分擔
信息的市場失靈
道德風險與逆向選擇
社會保險
C. 衛(wèi)生保健：問題不會消失
醫(yī)療保健經濟學
衛(wèi)生保健的特殊經濟特點
社會保險計劃中的衛(wèi)生保健
醫(yī)療護理分配
D. 創(chuàng)新與信息
熊彼特的激進式創(chuàng)新
信息經濟學
知識產權
互聯網的困境
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第三編　要素市場 ：勞動、土地和資本
第12 章　市場如何決定收入
A. 收入與財富
Income 230
Factor Incomes vs. Personal Incomes
Role of Government
Wealth 231
B. Input Pricing by Marginal Productivity 232
The Nature of Factor Demands 233
Demands for Factors Are Derived Demands
Demands for Factors Are Interdependent
Distribution Theory and Marginal Revenue Product 235
Marginal Revenue Product
The Demand for Factors of Production 236
Factor Demands for Profit-Maximizing Firms
Marginal Revenue Product and the Demand for Factors
Supply of Factors of Production 238
Determination of Factor Prices by Supply and Demand 239
The Distribution of National Income 241
Marginal-Productivity Theory with Many Inputs
An Invisible Hand for Incomes? 243
Summary 244
Concepts for Review 245
Further Reading and Internet Websites 245
Questions for Discussion 245
Chapter 13 The Labor Market 248
A. Fundamentals of Wage Determination 248
The General Wage Level 248
Demand for Labor 249
Marginal Productivity Differences
International Comparisons
The Supply of Labor 251
Determinants of Supply
Empirical Findings
Wage Differentials 253
Differences in Jobs: Compensating Wage Differentials
Differences in People: Labor Quality
Differences in People: The“ Rents” of Unique Individuals
Segmented Markets and Noncompeting Groups
B. Labor Market Issues and Policies 257
The Economics of Labor Unions 257
Government and Collective Bargaining
How Unions Raise Wages 258
Theoretical Indeterminacy of Collective Bargaining
Effects on Wages and Employment 259
收　入
要素收入和個人收入
政府的角色
財　富
B. 邊際生產率決定投入的價格
要素需求的性質
要素需求是派生需求
要素需求相互依賴
分配理論和邊際收益產量
邊際收益產量
生產要素的需求
追求利潤最大化的廠商的要素需求
邊際收益產量和要素需求
生產要素的供給
供給和需求決定要素價格
國民收入的分配
多種投入要素的邊際生產率理論
收入分配中是否也存在看不見的手
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第13 章　勞動市場
A. 工資決定的基本理論
一般工資水平
對勞動的需求
邊際生產率差異
國際比較
勞動的供給
供給的決定因素
實證發(fā)現
工資差異
工種之間的差異：補償性工資差異
補償性工資的差異：勞動質量
人們的差異：獨特個體的“租金”
分割的市場和非競爭性群體
B. 勞工市場的問題與政策
工會組織的經濟意義
政府和集體協議
工會如何提高工資
集體協議在理論上的含糊之處
對工資和就業(yè)的影響
Has Unionization Raised Wages?
Unions and Classical Unemployment
Discrimination 260
Economic Analysis of Discrimination 261
Definition of Discrimination
Discrimination by Exclusion
Taste for Discrimination
Statistical Discrimination
Economic Discrimination Against Women 263
Empirical Evidence 263
Reducing Labor Market Discrimination 264
Uneven Progress
Summary 264
Concepts for Review 265
Further Reading and Internet Websites 265
Questions for Discussion 266
Chapter 14 Land, Natural Resources, and the Environment 267
A. The Economics of Natural Resources 267
Resource Categories 268
Fixed Land and Rents 269
Rent as Return to Fixed Factors
Taxing Land
B. Environmental Economics 271
Externalities 271
Public vs. Private Goods
Market Inefficiency with Externalities 272
Analysis of Inefficiency
Valuing Damages
Graphical Analysis of Pollution
Policies to Correct Externalities 275
Government Programs
Private Approaches
Climate Change: To Slow or Not to Slow 278
Quarrel and Pollute, or Reason and Compute?
Summary 280
Concepts for Review 281
Further Reading and Internet Websites 281
Questions for Discussion 281
Chapter 15 Capital, Interest, and Profits 283
A. Basic Concepts of Interest and Capital 283
What Is Capital?
工會化提高了工資嗎
工會與古典失業(yè)
歧　視
歧視的經濟學分析
歧視的定義
排斥性歧視
歧視的偏好
統計性歧視
對婦女的經濟歧視
經驗證據
減少勞工市場歧視
不平坦的進步
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第14 章　土地、自然資源和環(huán)境
A. 自然資源的經濟學問題
資源種類
固定數量的土地和租金
作為固定要素收益的租金
對土地征稅
B. 環(huán)境經濟學
外部性
公共物品和私人物品
外部性造成的市場低效率
對低效率的分析
對危害的評估
對污染的圖形分析
制止外部性的政策
政府計劃
自主模式
氣候變化：放緩還是加快
爭議和污染，爭辯和計算
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第15 章　資本、利息和利潤
A. 利息和資本的基本概念
什么是資本
Prices and Rentals on Investments
Capital vs. Financial Assets
The Rate of Return on Investments
Rates of Return and Interest Rates 284
Rate of Return on Capital
Financial Assets and Interest Rates
The Present Value of Assets 285
Present Value for Perpetuities
General Formula for Present Value
Acting to Maximize Present Value
The Mysterious World of Interest Rates 287
Real vs. Nominal Interest Rates
B. The Theory of Capital, Profits, and Interest 291
Basic Capital Theory 291
Roundaboutness
Diminishing Returns and the Demand for Capital
Determination of Interest and the Return on Capital
Graphical Analysis of the Return on Capital
Profits as a Return to Capital 295
Reported Profit Statistics
Determinants of Profits
Empirical Evidence on Returns to Labor and Capital
Summary 297
Concepts for Review 298
Further Reading and Internet Websites 298
Questions for Discussion 299
PART FOUR APPLICATIONS OF ECONOMIC
PRINCIPLES 301
Chapter 16 Government Taxation and Expenditure 303
A. Government Control of the Economy 303
The Tools of Government Policy 304
Trends in the Size of Government
The Growth of Government Controls and Regulation
The Functions of Government 306
Improving Economic Efficiency
Reducing Economic Inequality
Stabilizing the Economy through Macroeconomic Policies
Conducting International Economic Policy
Public-Choice Theory 308
B. Government Expenditures 309
Fiscal Federalism 309
投資的價格和租金
資本和金融資產
投資回報率
收益率和利率
資本收益率
金融資產和利率
資產的現值
永久資產的現值
現值的一般公式
使現值最大化
利率的神秘世界
實際利率和名義利率
B. 資本、利潤和利率理論
基本資本理論
迂回性
收益遞減和資本需求
利率決定和資本收益
資本收益的圖形分析
利潤作為資本回報
申報利潤統計
利潤的決定因素
勞動和資本收益的經驗證據
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第四編　經濟學原理的應用
第16 章　政府的稅收和支出
A. 政府對經濟的控制
政府的政策工具
政府規(guī)模的變動趨勢
政府對經濟的控制和管制增加
政府的職能
提高經濟效率
減少經濟不公平
通過宏觀經濟政策穩(wěn)定經濟
執(zhí)行國際經濟政策
公共選擇理論
B. 政府支出
財政聯邦制
Federal Expenditures
State and Local Expenditures
Cultural and Technological Impacts 311
C. Economic Aspects of Taxation 312
Principles of Taxation 312
Benefit vs. Ability-to-Pay Principles
Horizontal and Vertical Equity
Pragmatic Compromises in Taxation
Federal Taxation 314
The Individual Income Tax
Social Insurance Taxes
Corporation Taxes
Consumption Taxes
State and Local Taxes 317
Property Tax
Other Taxes
Efficiency and Fairness in the Tax System 318
The Goal of Efficient Taxation
Efficiency vs. Fairness
Final Word 320
Summary 320
Concepts for Review 321
Further Reading and Internet Websites 321
Questions for Discussion 321
Chapter 17 Efficiency vs. Equality: The Big Tradeoff 323
A. The Sources of Inequality 323
The Distribution of Income and Wealth 324
How to Measure Inequality among Income Classes
Distribution of Wealth
Inequality across Countries
Poverty in America 327
Who Are the Poor?
Who Are the Rich?
Trends in Inequality
B. Antipoverty Policies 330
The Rise of the Welfare State
The Costs of Redistribution 331
Redistribution Costs in Diagrams
How Big Are the Leaks?
Adding Up the Leaks
Antipoverty Policies: Programs and Criticisms 333
Income-Security Programs
聯邦支出
州政府和地方政府的支出
文化和技術影響
C. 稅收的經濟學問題
稅收原則
受益原則和支付能力原則
橫向公平和縱向公平原則
稅收的實用主義折中
聯邦稅
個人所得稅
社會保險稅
公司稅
消費稅
州和地方稅收
財產稅
其他稅收
稅收體系的效率和公平
有效稅收的目標
效率和公平
最后的話
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第17 章　效率與公平的平衡
A. 不平等的根源
收入和財富的分配
如何在收入等級間計算不平等程度
財富的分配
國家間的不平等
美國的貧窮問題
誰是窮人
誰是富人
不平等的變化趨勢
B. 反貧窮政策
福利國家的崛起
再分配的成本
再分配成本的圖形分析
漏洞有多大
把所有的漏洞加總
反貧窮政策：計劃與批評
收入保障計劃
Incentive Problems of the Poor
The Battle over Welfare Reform 334
Two Views of Poverty
Income-Support Programs in the United States Today
The Earned-Income Tax Credit
The 1996 U.S. Welfare Reform
Economic Policy for the 21st Century 336
Summary 336
Concepts for Review 337
Further Reading and Internet Websites 337
Questions for Discussion 338
Chapter 18 International Trade 339
A. The Nature of International Trade 339
International vs. Domestic Trade
Trends in Foreign Trade
The Reasons for International Trade in Goods and Services 340
Diversity in Natural Resources
Differences in Tastes
Differences in Costs
B. Comparative Advantage among Nations 341
The Principle of Comparative Advantage 341
Uncommon Sense
Ricardo’s Analysis of Comparative Advantage
The Economic Gains from Trade
Outsourcing as Another Kind of Trade
Graphical Analysis of Comparative Advantage 344
America without Trade
Opening Up to Trade
Extensions to Many Commodities and Countries 347
Many Commodities
Many Countries
Triangular and Multilateral Trade
Qualifications and Conclusions 348
C. Protectionism 349
Supply-and-Demand Analysis of Trade and Tariffs 350
Free Trade vs. No Trade
Trade Barriers
The Economic Costs of Tariffs
The Economics of Protectionism 355
Noneconomic Goals
Unsound Grounds for Tariffs
Potentially Valid Arguments for Protection
貧窮的激勵問題
福利改革斗爭
貧窮的兩種觀點
今天美國的收入支持計劃
所得稅抵免
1996 年的美國福利改革
21 世紀經濟政策
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
第18 章　國際貿易
A. 國際貿易實質
國際貿易與國內貿易
對外貿易趨勢
商品和服務的國際貿易原因
自然資源的多樣性
偏好不同
成本不同
B. 國際間的比較優(yōu)勢
比較優(yōu)勢原則
似乎有悖常識
李嘉圖的比較優(yōu)勢分析
貿易的經濟收益
作為另一種貿易的外包
比較優(yōu)勢的圖形分析
美國如果沒有貿易
貿易開放
擴展到多種商品和多個國家
多種商品
多個國家
三角貿易和多邊貿易
限制條件和結論
C. 貿易保護主義
貿易和關稅的供求分析
自由貿易和無貿易
貿易壁壘
關稅的經濟成本
保護主義經濟學
非經濟目標
站不住腳的關稅觀
可能符合邏輯的貿易保護觀點
Other Barriers to Trade
Multilateral Trade Negotiations 359
Negotiating Free Trade
Appraisal
Summary 361
Concepts for Review 362
Further Reading and Internet Websites 362
Questions for Discussion 363
Glossary of Terms 365
Index 392
其他貿易壁壘
多邊貿易談判
自由貿易談判
評　價
總　結
概念復習
補充讀物和互聯網站
問題討論
專業(yè)術語表
索　引__

章節(jié)摘錄

版權頁：   插圖：    Bentham's views about utility seem familiar to many people today. But they were revolutionary 200 years ago because they emphasized that social and economic poli-cies should be designed to achieve certain practical results,whereas legitimacy at that time was usually based on tradi-tion, the divine right of kings, or religious doctrines.Today,many political thinkers defend their legislative proposals with utilitarian notions of what will make the largest num-ber of people best off. The next step in the development of utility theory came when the neoclassical economists--such as William Stanley Jevons （1835-1882）-extended Bentham's utility concept to explain consumer behavior. Jevons thought economic theory was a"calculus of pleasure and pain," and he developed the theory that rational people would base their consumption decisions on the extra or marginal util-ity of each good. The ideas of Jevons and his coworkers led directly to the modern theories of ordinal utility and indifference curves developed by Vilfredo Pareto, John Hicks, R. G. D.Allen, Paul Samuelson, and others in which the Benthamite ideas of measurable cardinal utility are no longer needed. the same marginal utility as the last pair of shoes, for shoes cost much more per unit than eggs. A satisfac-tory rule would be: If good A costs twice as much as good B, then buy good A only when its marginal utility is at least twice as great as good B's marginal utility. This leads to the equimarginal principle that I should arrange my consumption so that the last dol-lar spent on each good is bringing me the same mar-ginal utility. Equimarginal principle: The fundamental condi-tion of maximum satisfaction or utility is the equimar-ginal principle. It states that a consumer will achieve maximum satisfaction or utility when the marginal utility of the last dollar spent on a good is exactly the ssme as the marginal utility of the last dollar spent on any other good. Why must this condition hold？ If any one good gave more marginal utility per dollar, I would increase my utility by taking money away from other goods ① and spending more on that good--until the law of （2） diminishing marginal utility drove its marginal utility per dollar down to equality with that of other goods. If any good gave less marginal utility per dollar than the common level, I would buy less of it until the marginal utility of the last dollar spent on it had risen back to the common level. The common marginal utility per dollar of all commodities in consumer equilibrium is called the marginal utility of income. It （3） measures the additional utility that would be gained （4） if the consumer could enjoy an extra dollar's worth （5） of consumption.

媒體關注與評論

對薩繆爾森（1915-2009）的評價：在對提升經濟理論科學分析水平的貢獻上，薩繆爾森超過了當代任何一位經濟學家?！鸬浠始铱茖W院1970年諾貝爾經濟學獎頒獎辭20世紀最重要的經濟學家?！都~約時報》現代經濟學之父?！洕穼W家Randall E. Parker20世紀后半葉最具影響力的經濟學家……經濟學家中最后一位通才，對貿易理論、宏觀經濟學、公共金融以及消費行為等均做出了重要貢獻。——《經濟學人》雜志對薩繆爾森《經濟學》的評價：無論怎樣夸大薩繆爾森《經濟學》對全世界的影響都不過分?！督洕鷮W人》雜志眼前的這本《微觀經濟學》（第19版）也許是所有19個版本中最為出色的一版?！Ａ_?薩繆爾森《微觀經濟學》（第19版）

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《微觀經濟學(第19版?雙語注疏本)》是諾貝爾經濟學獎獲得者保羅?薩繆爾森英文絕筆精彩注疏，閱讀這本第19版絕版薩繆爾森微觀經濟學的雙語注疏形式既可以領略和欣賞到保羅?薩繆爾森深厚的英文寫作文學素養(yǎng)，同時也可以通過注疏者獨到的中文解讀以及詳盡的注釋更加透徹了解薩繆爾森經濟學。

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