連續(xù)與離散時間信號與系統(tǒng)

前言

　　The book is primarily intended for instruction in an upper-level undergraduateor a first-year graduate course in the field of signal processing in electricaland computer engineering.Practising engineers would find the book usefulfor reference or for self study.Our main motivation in writing the book iS todeal with continuous-time（CT）and discrete-time（DT）signals and systemsseparately.Many instructors have realized that covering CT and DT systems inparallel with each other often confuses students to the extent where they are notclear if a particular concept applies to a CT system，to a DT system.or to both.In this book，we treat DT and CT signals and systems. Separately.FollowingPart I，which provides an in~oduction to signals and systems，Part II focuses onCT signals and systems.Since many students are familiar with the theory of CTsignals and systems from earlier courses，Part II Call be taught to such studentswith relative ease.For students who are new to this area，we have supplementedthe material covered in Part 11 with appendices.which are included at the endof the book.Appendices A-F cover background material on complex numbers.partial fraction expansion，difierential equations，difference equations，and areview of the basic signal processing instructions available in M A T L A B.PartIII，which covers DT signals and systems.can either be covered independentlyor in cortiunction with Part II.　The book focuses on linear time.invariant（LTI）systems and iS organized asfollows.Chapters 1 and 2 introduce signals and systems.including their math-ematical and graphical interpretations.In Chapter 1.we cover the classificationbetween CT and DT signals and we provide several practical examples in whichCT and DT signals are observed.Chapter 2 defines systems as transformationsthat process the input signals and produce outputs in response to the appliedinputs.Practical examples of CT and DT systems are included in Chapter 2.The remaining fifteen chapters of the book are divided into two parts.PartII constitutes Chapters 3-8 of the book and focuses primarily on the theoriesand applications of CT signals and systems.Part III comprises Chapters 9——17and deals with the theories and applications of DT signals and systems.Theorganization of Parts II and III is described below.

內(nèi)容概要

本書涵蓋了連續(xù)與離散時間信號與系統(tǒng)的方方面面。全書內(nèi)容分為三大部分，分別為信號與系統(tǒng)概述、連續(xù)時間信號與系統(tǒng)，以及離散時間信號與系統(tǒng)。書中還有大量的例題和習題，供學生鞏固所學內(nèi)容。    本書既可作為高等院校電子電氣等相關專業(yè)學生的參考教材，又可供電子電氣工程師參考。

作者簡介

Mrinal Mandal加拿大阿爾伯塔大學電氣與計算機工程系副教授。主要研究興趣包括多媒體信號處理、醫(yī)用圖像與視頻分析、圖像與視頻壓縮，以及用于實時信號與圖像處理的VLSI架構。

書籍目錄

Part I　Introduction to signals and systems　  1　Introduction to signals　    1.1　Classification of signals　    1.2　Elementary signals　    1.3　Signal operations　    1.4　Signal implementation with MATLAB　    1.5　Summary　    Problems　  2　Introduction to systems　    2.1　Examples of systems　    2.2　Classification of systems    2.3　Interconnection of systems　    2.4　Summary　    Problems　Part II　Continuous-time signals and systems　  3　Time-domain analysis of LTIC systems　    3.1　Representation of LTIC systems　    3.2　Representation of signals using Dirac delta functions　    3.3　Impulse response of a system　    3.4　Convolution integral    3.5　Graphical method for evaluating the convolution integral　    3.6　Properties of the convolution integral    3.7　Impulse response of LTIC systems　    3.8　Experiments with MATLAB    3.9　Summary　    Problems　  4　Signal representation using Fourier series　    4.1　Orthogonal vector space　    4.2　Orthogonal signal space　    4.3　Fourier basis functions　    4.4　Trigonometric CTFS　    4.5　Exponential Fourier series    4.6　Properties of exponential CTFS　    4.7　Existence of Fourier series　    4.8　Application of Fourier series　    4.9　Summary　    Problems　  5　Continuous-time Fourier transform　    5.1　CTFT for aperiodic signals　    5.2　Examples of CTFT　    5.3　Inverse Fourier transform　    5.4　Fourier transform of real, even, and odd functions　    5.5　Properties of the CTFT　    5.6　Existence of the CTFT    5.7　CTFT of periodic functions　    5.8　CTFS coefficients as samples of CTFT　    5.9　LTIC systems analysis using CTFT　    5.10　MATLAB exercises　    5.11　Summary　    Problems　  6　Laplace transform    6.1　Analytical development　    6.2　Unilateral Laplace transform　    6.3　Inverse Laplace transform　    6.4　Properties of the Laplace transform    6.5　Solution of differential equations　    6.6　Characteristic equation, zeros, and poles　    6.7　Properties of the ROC　    6.8　Stable and causal LTIC systems　    6.9　LTIC systems analysis using Laplace transform    6.10　Block diagram representations　    6.11　Summary　    Problems　  7　Continuous-time filters　    7.1　Filter classification　    7.2　Non-ideal filter characteristics　    7.3　Design of CT lowpass filters　    7.4　Frequency transformations　    7.5　Summary　    Problems　  8　Case studies for CT systems　    8.1　Amplitude modulation of baseband signals    8.2　Mechanical spring damper system　    8.3　Armature-controlled dc motor　    8.4　Immune system in humans　    8.5　Summary　    Problems　Part III　Discrete-time signals and systems　  9　Sampling and quantization　    9.1　Ideal impulse-train sampling　    9.2　Practical approaches to sampling    9.3　Quantization　    9.4　Compact disks　    9.5　Summary　    Problems　  10　Time-domain analysis of discrete-time systems systems　    10.1　Finite-difference equation representation of LTID systems　    10.2　Representation of sequences using Dirac delta functions    10.3　Impulse response of a system    10.4　Convolution sum　    10.5　Graphical method for evaluating the convolution sum    10.6　Periodic convolution　    10.7　Properties of the convolution sum　    10.8　Impulse response of LTID systems　    10.9　Experiments with MATLAB　    10.10　Summary　    Problems　  11　Discrete-time Fourier series and transform　    11.1　Discrete-time Fourier series　    11.2　Fourier transform for aperiodic functions    11.3　Existence of the DTFT　    11.4　DTFT of periodic functions    11.5　Properties of the DTFT and the DTFS　    11.6　Frequency response of LTID systems　    11.7　Magnitude and phase spectra　    11.8　Continuous-and discrete-time Fourier transforms    11.9　Summary　    Problems  12　Discrete Fourier transform　    12.1　Continuous to discrete Fourier transform　    12.2　Discrete Fourier transform    12.3　Spectrum analysis using the DFT　    12.4　Properties of the DFT　    12.5　Convolution using the DFT　    12.6　Fast Fourier transform　    12.7　Summary　    Problems　  13　The z-transform　    13.1　Analytical development    13.2　Unilateral z-transform　    13.3　Inverse z-transform　    13.4　Properties of the z-transform    13.5　Solution of difference equations    13.6　z-transfer function of LTID systems    13.7　Relationship between Laplace and z-transforms    13.8　Stabilty analysis in the z-domain    13.9　Frequency-response calculation in the z-domain    13.10　DTFT and the z-transform　    13.11　Experiments with MATLAB    13.12　Summary　    Problems  14　Digital filters　    14.1　Filter classification　    14.2　FIR and IIR filters　    14.3　Phase of a digital filter    14.4　Ideal versus non-ideal filters　    14.5　Filter realization　    14.6　FIR filters　    14.7　IIR filters　    14.8　Finite precision effect　    14.9　MATLAB examples    14.10　Summary    Problems　  15　FIR filter design    15.1　Lowpass filter design using windowing method    15.2　Design of highpass filters using windowing    15.3　Design of bandpass filters using windowing　    15.4　Design of a bandstop filter using windowing    15.5　Optimal FIR filters　    15.6　MATLAB examples    15.7　Summary    Problems　  16　IIR filter design　    16.1　IIR filter design principles    16.2　Impulse invariance    16.3　Bilinear transformation    16.4　Designing highpass, bandpass, and bandstop IIR filters    16.5　IIR and FIR filters    16.6　Summary　    Problems  17　Applications of digital signal processing    17.1　Spectral estimation　    17.2　Digital audio　    17.3　Audio filtering　    17.4　Digital audio compression    17.5　Digital images　    17.6　Image filtering    17.7　Image compression    17.8　Summary　    Problems　  Appendix A　Mathematical preliminaries　    A.1　Trigonometric identities    A.2　Power series    A.3　Series summation　    A.4　Limits and differential calculus    A.5　Indefinite integrals  Appendix B　Introduction to the complex-number system    B.1　Real-number system　    B.2　Complex-number system　    B.3　Graphical interpertation of complex numbers    B.4　Polar representation of complex numbers    B.5　Summary　    Problems  Appendix C　Linear constant-coefficient differential equations    C.1　Zero-input response　    C.2　Zero-state response　    C.3　Complete response  Appendix D　Partial fraction expansion　    D.1　Laplace transform　    D.2　Continuous-time Fourier transform　    D.3　Discrete-time Fourier transform　    D.4　The z-transform　  Appendix E　Introduction to MATLAB　    E.1　Introduction    E.2　Entering data into MATLAB　    E.3　Control statements　    E.4　Elementary matrix operations　    E.5　Plotting functions　    E.6　Creating MATLAB functions    E.7　Summary　  Appendix F　About the CD    F.1　Interactive environment　    F.2　Data    F.3　MATLAB codes  Bibliography  Index

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Signals are detectable quantities used to convey information about time-varyingphysical phenomena.Common examples of signals are human speech，temper-ature，pressure，and stock prices.Electrical signals，normally expressed in theform ofvoltage or current waveforms，are some ofthe easiest signals to generateand process.　Mathematically,signals are modeled as functions ofone or more independentvariables.Examples ofindependent variables used to represent signals are time。frequency,or spatial coordinates.Before introducing the mathematical notationused to represent signals，let US consider a few physical systems associatedwith the generation of signals.Figure 1.1 illustrates some common signals andsystems encountered in different fields of engineering，with the physical sys-terns represented in the left.hand column and the associated signals included inthe right-hand column.Figure 1.1（a）is a simple electrical circuit consisting ofthree passive components：a capacitor C，an inductor L，and a resistor R.Avoltage v（t）is applied at the input ofthe RLC circuit，which produces an outputvoltage）I（，）across the capacitor.A possible waveform for），（f）is the sinnsoidalsignal showninFig.1.1（b）.Thenotationsv（t）andy（t）includesboththedepen-dent variable， and Y，respectively,in the two expressions，and the independentvariable t.The notation 1，ff）implies that the voltage　is a function of time t.Figure 1.1（c）shows an audio recording system where the input signal is an audioor a speech waveform.The function ofthe audio recording system is to conveathe audio signal into an electrical waveform.which is recorded on a magnetictape or a compact diSC.A possible resulting waveform for the recorded electri-cal signal is shown in Fig 1.1（d）.Figure 1.1（e）shows a charge coupled device（CCD）based digital camera where the input signal is the light emitted from a scene.The incident 1ight charges a CCD panel located inside the camera，thereby storing the external scene in terms of the spatial variations of the charges Off the CCD panel.Figure 1.1（g）iUustrates a thermometer that measures the ambienttemperature ofits environment.Electronic thermometers typically use a thermal resistor.known as a thermistor,whose resistance varies with temperature.Thefluctuations in the resistance are used to measure the temperature.Figure.

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