有機(jī)化學(xué)

前言

為了推動全國高校的雙語教學(xué)工作，教育部、財(cái)政部在《關(guān)于實(shí)施高等學(xué)校本科教學(xué)質(zhì)量與教學(xué)改革工程的意見》（教高[2007]1號）中強(qiáng)調(diào)教學(xué)質(zhì)量工程要重視雙語教學(xué)。在《關(guān)于啟動2007年度雙語教學(xué)示范課程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的通知》中，提出要在2007年至2010年建設(shè)500門國家雙語教學(xué)示范課程，并且在2007年正式啟動高等學(xué)校雙語教學(xué)示范課程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，審定了全國首批百門雙語教學(xué)示范課程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目。這為規(guī)范全國高等學(xué)校雙語教學(xué)，提高雙語教學(xué)水平提供了很好的契機(jī)。大連理工大學(xué)“有機(jī)化學(xué)及實(shí)驗(yàn)雙語教學(xué)示范課程建設(shè)”項(xiàng)目是教育部首批百門雙語教學(xué)示范課程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目之一。有機(jī)化學(xué)雙語教學(xué)課程建設(shè)亟待進(jìn)行的工作之一就是出版對國內(nèi)教師和學(xué)生切實(shí)適用的有機(jī)化學(xué)雙語教材。有機(jī)化學(xué)雙語教學(xué)十余年的實(shí)踐表明，改編英文原版有機(jī)化學(xué)教材是建設(shè)有機(jī)化學(xué)雙語教學(xué)教材的有效途徑，既可保持英文版教材的“原汁原味”，亦能適合中國國情。在教育部項(xiàng)目的支持下，我們將L G．Wade編著的Organic Chemistry（第六版）改編為有機(jī)化學(xué)雙語教材，適合普通高等學(xué)?；瘜W(xué)、化工專業(yè)70～100學(xué)時(shí)的有機(jī)化學(xué)雙語教學(xué)課程使用。改編的有機(jī)化學(xué)雙語教材具有以下特點(diǎn)：1．對英文原版教材只做章節(jié)順序的調(diào)整和內(nèi)容的刪減，未增加新的英文內(nèi)容，目的是使改編的雙語教材保持英文版教材的“原汁原味”。2．本書突出雙語教材特色，對部分有機(jī)化學(xué)專業(yè)詞匯、術(shù)語及化合物名稱給出中文注釋，書后增加專業(yè)詞匯中英文對照表（Vocabulary），方便學(xué)生自學(xué)和查閱。3．每章末增加中文概要（Summary in Chinese），有利于學(xué)生對教學(xué)重點(diǎn)的理解和掌握。4．為了使改編教材的章節(jié)編排遵循有機(jī)化學(xué)雙語教學(xué)的特點(diǎn)，將有機(jī)化合物的命名部分從各章中抽出來，合并為新的一章，作為第3章“Brief Introduction and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds”。在雙語教學(xué)中，有機(jī)化合物命名部分放在較前面的章節(jié)集中講授，有利于學(xué)生自學(xué)和課堂理解教師英文授課內(nèi)容。5．適當(dāng)調(diào)整章節(jié)順序，例如，將原版教材中第15章“Conjugated Systems，Orbital Symmetry，and Uhraviolet Spectroscopy”調(diào)換為第11章的內(nèi)容，緊隨烯烴（第9章）和炔烴（第10章）的章節(jié)之后，并將第15章中紫外光譜的內(nèi)容抽出來與紅外光譜合并作為第12章；將質(zhì)譜與核磁共振譜合并作為第13章。調(diào)整后的雙語教材的內(nèi)容相對規(guī)整，符合國內(nèi)的教學(xué)特點(diǎn)，方便教師雙語教學(xué)使用。

內(nèi)容概要

　　《有機(jī)化學(xué)》（第6版）是L．G．Wade編寫的Organic Chemistry（Sixth Edition）的改編版，是根據(jù)教育部關(guān)于高等學(xué)校本科教學(xué)質(zhì)量工程要重視雙語教學(xué)的文件精神，選擇國外優(yōu)秀英文原版有機(jī)化學(xué)教材，結(jié)合雙語教學(xué)的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)改編而成的雙語教材。全書共26章，涵蓋內(nèi)容與國內(nèi)高等學(xué)校化學(xué)、化工類有機(jī)化學(xué)教材基本一致，包括有機(jī)化學(xué)概論、有機(jī)化合物命名、立體化學(xué)、結(jié)構(gòu)表征、烴及鹵代烴、含氧化合物、含氮化合物、天然有機(jī)化合物等內(nèi)容。每章后有中文概要，書后附有索引和專業(yè)詞匯中英文對照表。

作者簡介

作者：(美國)韋德

書籍目錄

Chapter 1 Introduction and Renew1-1 The Origins of Organic Chemistry1-2 Principles of Atomic Structure1-3 Bond Formation：The Octet Rule1-4 Lewis Structures1-5 Multiple Bonding1-6 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity1-7 Formal Charges1-8 Ionic Structures1-9 Resonance1-10 Structural Formulas1-11 Molecular Formulas and Empirical Formulas1-12 Arrhenius Acids and Bases1-13 Brensted．Lowry Acids and Bases1-14 Lewis Acids and BasesSummary in ChineseStudy ProblemsChapter 2 Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules2-1 Wave Properties of Electrons in Qrbitals2-2 Molecular Orbitals2-3 Pi Bonding2-4 Hybridization and Molecular Shapes2-5 Drawing Three-Dimensional Molecules2-6 General Rules of Hybridization and Geometry2-7 Bond Rotation2-8 Isomerism2-9 Polarity of Bonds and Molecules2-10 Intermolecular Forces2-11 Polarity Effects on SolubilitiesSummary in ChineseStudy ProblemsChapter 3 Brief Introduction and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds3-1 Hydrocarbons3-2 Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen3-3 Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen3-4 Nomenclature of A1kanes3-5 Nomenclature of Alkenes3-6 Nomenclature of Alkynes3-7 Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes3-8 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives3-9 Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides3-10 Nomenclature of Alcohols and Thiols3-11 Nomenclature of Ethers and Sulfides3-12 Nomenclature of Amines3-13 Nomenclature of Ketones and Aldehydes3-14 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids3-15 Structure and Nomenclature of Acid DerivativesSummary in ChineseStudy ProblemsChapter 4 Structure and Stereochemistry of Alkanes4-1 Physical Properties of Alkanes4-2 Uses and Sources of Alkanes4-3 Reactions of Alkanes4-4 Structure and Conformations of Alkanes4-5 Cycloalkanes4-6 Cyclohexane Conformations4-7 Conformations of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes4-8 Conformations of Disubstituted CyclohexanesSummary in ChineseStudy ProblemsChapter 5 The Study of Chemical Reactions5-1 Introduction5-2 Chlorination of Methane5-3 The Free-Radical Chain Reaction5-4 Equilibrium Constants and Free Energy5-5 Enthalpy and Entropy5-6 Bond-Dissociation Enthalpies5-7 Enthalpy Changes in Chlorination5-8 Kinetics and the Rate Equation5-9 Activation Energy and the Temperature Dependence of Rates5-10 Transition States5-11 Rates of Multistep Reactions5-12 Temperature Dependence of Halogenation5-13 Selectivity in Halogenation5-14 The Hammond Postulate5-15 Radical Inhibitors5-16 Reactive IntermediatesSummary tin ChineseStudy ProblemsChapter 6 Stereochemistry6-1 Introduction6-2 Chirality6-3（R）and（S）Nomenclature of Asymmetric Carbon Atoms6-4 Optical Activity6-5 Racemic Mixtures6-6 Enantiomeric Excess and Optical Purity6-7 Chirality of Conformationally Mobile Systems6-8 Chiral Compounds without Asymmetric Atoms6-9 Fischer Projections6-10 Diastereomers6-11 Stereochemistry of Molecules with Two or More Asymmetric Carbons6-12 Meso Compounds6-1 3 Absolute and Relative Configuration6-14 Physical Properties of Diastereomers6-1 5 Resolution of EnantiomersSummary in ChineseStudy ProblemsChapter 7 Alkyl Halides：Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination7-1 Introduction7-2 Common Uses of Alkyl Halides7-3 Structure of Alkyl Halides7-4 Physical Properties of Alkyl Halides1-5 Preparation of Alkyl Halides7-6 Reactions of Alkyl Halides：Substitution and Elimination7-7 Second-Order Nucleophilic Substitution：The SN2 Reaction7-8 Generality of the SN2 Reaction7-9 Factors Affecting SN2 Reactions： Strength of the Nucleophile7-10 Reactivity of the Substrate in SN2 Reactions7-11 Stereochemistry of the SN2 Reaction7-12 First．Order Nucleophilic Substitution：The SNl Reaction7-13 Stereochemistry of the SNl Reaction7-14 Rearrangements in SN 1 Reactions7-15 Comparison of SNl and SN2 Reactions7-16 First．Order Elimination：The E1 Reaction7-17 Positional Orientation of Elimination：Zaitsev's Rule7-18 Second-Order Elimination：The E2 Reaction7-19 Stereochemistry of the E2 Reaction7-20 Comparison of E1 and E2 Elimination MechanismsSummary in ChineseStudy ProblemsChapter 8 Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes8-1 Introduction8-2 The 0rbital Description of the Alkene Double Bond8-3 Elements of Unsaturation8-4 Commercial Importance of Alkenes8-5 Stability of Alkenes8-6 Physical Properties of Alkenes8-7 Alkene Synthesis by Elimination of Alkyl Halides8-8 Alkene Synthesis by Dehydration of Alcohols8-9 Alkene Synthesis by High-Temperature Industrial MethodsSummary in ChineseStudy ProblemsChapter 9 Reactions of Aikenes9-1 Reactivity of the Carbon-Carbon Double Bond9-2 Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes9-3 Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes9-4 Addition of Water：Hydration of Alkenes9-5 Hydration by Oxymercuration-Demercuration9-6 Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration9-7 Hydroboration of Alkenes9-8 Addition of Halogens to Alkenes9-9 Formation of Halohydrins9-10 Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes9-11 Addition of Carbenes to Alkenes9-12 Epoxidation of Alkenes9-13 Acid-Catalyzed Opening of Epoxides9-14 Syn Hydroxylation of Alkenes9-15 Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes9-16 Polymerization of AlkenesSummary in ChineseStudy ProblemsChapter 10 Alkynes10-1 Introduction10-2 Physical Properties of Alkynes10-3 Commercial Importance of Alkynes10-4 Electronic Structure of Alkynes10-5 Acidity of Alkynes：Formation of Acetylide Ions10-6 Synthesis of Alkynes from Acetylides10-7 Synthesis of Alkynes by Elimination Reactions10-8 Addition Reactions of Alkynes10-9 Oxidation of AlkynesSummary in ChineseStudy ProblemsChapter 11 Conjugated Systems and Orbital Symmetry11-1 Introduction11-2 Stabilities of Dienes11-3 Molecular Orbitals of a Conjugated System11-4 Allylic Cations11-5 1，2-and 1，4-Addition to Conjugated Dienes11-6 Kinetic versus Thermodynamic Control in the Addition of HBr to 1．3-Butadiene11-7 Allylic Radicals11-8 Molecular Orbitals of the Allylic System11-9 Electronic Configurations of the Allyl Radical，Cation，and Anion11-10 SN2 Displacement Reactions of Allylic Halides and Tosylates11-11 The Diels-Alder Reaction1-12 The Diels-Alder as an Example of a Pericyclic ReactionSummary in ChineseStudy ProblemsChapter 12 Infrared and Ultraviolet Spectros-copy12-1 Introduction12-2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum12-3 The Infrared Region12-4 Molecular Vibrations12-5 IR-Active and IR．Inactive Vibrations12-6 Measurement of the IR Spectrum12-7 Infrared Spectroscopy of Hydrocarbons12-8 Characteristic Absorptions of Alcohols and Amines12-9 Characteristic Absorptions of Carbonyl Compounds12-10 Characteristic Absorptions of C-N Bonds12-11 Simplified Summary of IR Stretching Frequencies12-12 Reading and Interpreting IR Spectra12-13 Uhraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy12-1 4 Ultraviolet Light and Electronic Transition12-15 Measurement of the UV-Visible Spectrum12-16 Interpreting UV-Visible SpectraSummary in ChineseStudy ProblemsChapter 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry13-1 Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy13-2 Theory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance13-3 Magnetic Shielding by Electrons13-4 The NMR Spectrometer13-5 The Chemical Shift13-6 The Number of Signals13-7 Areas of the Peaks13-8 Spin-Spin Splitting13-9 Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy13-10 Interpreting Carbon NMR Spectra13-11 Introduction to Mass Spectrometry13-12 Determination of the Moleeular Formula by Mass Spectrometry13-13 Fragmentation Patterns in Mass SpectrometrySummary in ChineseStudy ProblemsChapter 14 Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols14-1 Introduction14-2 Structure and Classification of Alcohols14-3 Physical Properties of Alcohols14-4 Commercially Important Alcohols14-5 Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols14-6 Organometallic Reagents for Alcohol Synthesis14-7 Synthesis of Alcohols：Addition of Organometallic Reagents to Carbonyl Compounds14-8 Side Reactions of Organometallic Reagents：Reduction of Alkyl Halides14-9 Synthesis of 1°and 2°Alcohols： Reduction of the Carbonyl Group14-10 Thiols（Mercaptans）Summary in ChineseStudy ProblemsChapter 15 Reactions of Alcohols15-1 Oxidation States of Alcohols and Related Functional Groups15-2 Oxidation of Alcohols15-3 Additional Methods for Oxidizing Alcohols15-4 Alcohols as Nucleophiles and Electro-philes：Formation of Tosylates15-5 Reduction of Alcohols15-6 Reactions of Alcohols with Hydrohalic Acids15-7 Reactions of Alcohols with Phosphorus Halides15-8 Reactions of Alcohols with Thionyl Chloride15-9 Dehydration Reactions of Alcohols15-10 Unique Reactions of Diols15-11 Esterification of Alcohols15-12 Reactions of AlkoxidesSummary in ChineseStudy ProblemsChapter 16 Ethers, Epoxdes,and SulfdesChapter 17 Aromatic Compiunds Chapter 18 Eeactions of Aromatic CompoundsChapter 19 Ketones and Aldehydes Chapter 20 AminesChapter 21 Carboxylic AcidsChapter 22 Carboxylic Acid DerivativesChapter 23 Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl Compounds Chapter 24 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids  Chapter 25 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins Chapter 26 LipidsAnswers to Selected ProblemsIndexVocabulary

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：Atomic orbitals are grouped into different“shells”at difierent distances from the nucleus．Each shell is identified by a principal quantum number n,with n=1 for the lowest．energy shell closest to the nucleus．As n increases，the shells are farther from the nucleus，higher in energy，and can hold more electrons．Most of the common elements in organic compounds are found in the first two rows of the periodic table，indicating that their electrons are found in the first two electron shells．The first shell（n=1）can hold two electrons．a(chǎn)nd the second shell（n=2）can hold eight．The first electron shell contains just the l s orbital．All s orbitals are spherically symmetrical，meaning that they are nondirectional．The electron density iS only a function of the distance from the nucleus．The electron density of the l s orbital is graphed in Figure 1-2．Notice how the electron density is highest at the nucleus and falls off exponentially with increasing distance from the nucleus．The second electron shell consists of the 2s and 2p orbitals．The 2s orbital iS spherically symmetrical like the ls orbital，but its electron density is not a simple exponential function．The 2s orbital has a smaller amount of electron density close to the nucleus．  Most of the electron density is farther away，beyond a region of zero electron density called a node．Because most of the 2s electron density is farther from the nucleus than that of the ls，the 2s orbital is higher in energy． Figure 1-3 shows a graph ofthe 2s orbital．

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《有機(jī)化學(xué)》(第6版)可作為化學(xué)、化工專業(yè)的有機(jī)化學(xué)雙語教材，亦可作為其他相關(guān)專業(yè)的教學(xué)參考書，可使學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)有機(jī)化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識的同時(shí)提高專業(yè)英語水平。

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