新世紀(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大學(xué)英語學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作教程

前言

　　隨著我國大學(xué)英語教學(xué)改革的不斷深入與發(fā)展，大學(xué)本科生對英語學(xué)習(xí)有了更高的要求。許多學(xué)生在通過了大學(xué)英語四級考試后，希望盡快進(jìn)入選修課程的學(xué)習(xí)，如：實用寫作、高級聽說、英美社會與文化、報刊選讀等，以便更有針對性地加強某項語言技能或提高某方面的語言能力和文化素養(yǎng)。從多數(shù)院校的實際情況看，高年級或通過大學(xué)英語四級考試后的學(xué)生開設(shè)英語選修課程已成為高校大學(xué)英語課程建設(shè)與發(fā)展的一個重要的方面?！　榱烁玫剡m應(yīng)大學(xué)英語教學(xué)這一發(fā)展趨勢以及學(xué)生的需要，高等教育出版社引進(jìn)了由英國里丁大學(xué)開發(fā)、Gamet出版社出版的本系列教材，并將其列入《新世紀(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大學(xué)英語》系列教程。這套教材以學(xué)術(shù)性寫作和閱讀為主體，針對具有較好英語基礎(chǔ)的大學(xué)生和研究生而設(shè)計，以語言運用培養(yǎng)為主線，以學(xué)術(shù)內(nèi)容為基礎(chǔ)。其主要特點是：　　1.選材新穎，內(nèi)容豐富，題材廣泛；具有強烈的時代氣息；有利于拓寬學(xué)生在英語方面的視野及知識面?！　?.語言規(guī)范，難度適中，語言實踐性強；適合于大學(xué)高年級學(xué)生的實際需要，能夠達(dá)到（（大學(xué)英語課程教學(xué)要求》的相關(guān)要求?！　?.教學(xué)內(nèi)容實用，注重學(xué)術(shù)英語的培養(yǎng)，有利于學(xué)生較早地了解這方面的知識，為將來的工作打下相應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)。　　為了使這套教材能夠更好地符合我國大學(xué)英語選修課程的教學(xué)需要，我們做了以下工作：　　1.根據(jù)《大學(xué)英語課程教學(xué)要求》對選修課程的要求，將這套系列教材合并為兩冊，即《學(xué)術(shù)英語閱讀教程》和《學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作教程》。　　2.在保持原書風(fēng)格的基礎(chǔ)上，適當(dāng)增加相應(yīng)的練習(xí)，以滿足我國大學(xué)英語教學(xué)的需要。　　3.在所有增加的練習(xí)后面，配有參考答案。擴(kuò)展寫作部分提供參考范文等，以便教師和學(xué)生參考?！　?.對一些內(nèi)容和有關(guān)文字做了必要的修改，使其更加符合我國國情和大學(xué)英語教學(xué)的需要?！　秾W(xué)術(shù)英語閱讀教程》和《學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作教程》分為學(xué)生用書和教師用書；每冊約需48學(xué)時，供一個學(xué)期教學(xué)使用。主要適用于本科高年級或通過大學(xué)英語四級考試的學(xué)生使用，也可用于研究生英語選修課程。本教程還適用于自修和準(zhǔn)備到國外留學(xué)的人員?！　∮捎诰幷咚接邢?，錯誤和疏漏之處一定不少，熱忱歡迎批評指正。

內(nèi)容概要

　　為了更好地適應(yīng)大學(xué)英語教學(xué)這一發(fā)展趨勢以及學(xué)生的需要，高等教育出版社引進(jìn)了由英國里丁大學(xué)開發(fā)、Garnet出版社出版的本系列教材，并將其列入《新世紀(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大學(xué)英語》系列教程。這套教材以學(xué)術(shù)性寫作和閱讀為主體，針對具有較好英語基礎(chǔ)的大學(xué)生和研究生而設(shè)計，以語言運用培養(yǎng)為主線，以學(xué)術(shù)內(nèi)容為基礎(chǔ)?！缎率兰o(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大學(xué)英語學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作教程》是《學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作教程》學(xué)生用書，約需48學(xué)時，供一個學(xué)期教學(xué)使用。主要適用于本科高年級或通過大學(xué)英語四級考試的學(xué)生使用，也可用于研究生英語選修課程。本教程還適用于自修和準(zhǔn)備到國外留學(xué)的人員。

書籍目錄

1 Introduction to the skills of extended writing and research2 Using evidence to support your ideas3 Structuring your project and finding information4 Developing your project5 Developing a focus6 Introductions,conclusions and definitions 7 Incorporating data and illustrations8 Preparing for presentations and editing your workA AppendicesK Keys to extensions

章節(jié)摘錄

　　The increased number of fixations on SLAs in the hazard condition may reflect the fact thatSLAs （predominantly bus shelters） are a source of potential hazards rather than theadvertisement being the driving force behind the fixation. However, none of the clips containedpedestrians in the bus shelters that housed SLAs, and only fixations on the actualadvertisements were counted （rather than all fixations on any part of the bus shelter beingcounted）. All SLAs on bus shelters were on the outside of the shelter resulting in fixationlocations that were distinct from fixations within the shelters （that may have been motivated bya search for pedestrians）. Instead we suggest that the intention to move the eyes towards anSLA is motivated by a search for hazards （favouring the horizontal search window）, but thesubsequent fixation upon the SLA is probably an inadvertent distraction of attention, andprovides no information regarding potential hazards. Fig. 3 further suggests that when afixation lands upon an SLA in the hazard condition, it tends to produce a longer fixationduration than the average clip fixation. Hazard perception searches in visually clutteredenvironments tend to have higher sampling rates and shorter fixation durations than in lesscomplex environments, until, that is, a hazard is identified. At this point, visual search isrestricted to the localized hazard and fixation durations increase （Chapman and Underwood, 1998）. Fig. 3 suggests that the SLAs produce similar effects on fixation durations as an actualhazard, stopping search for other hazards, and potentially reducing peripheral attention, asincreased resources are devoted to the fixated stimulus （Crundall et al., 1999）.　　The comparison of total attention devoted to the advertisements revealed SLAs to holdattention for longer compared to RLAs across both the hazard and advertisement groups. Thereare a number of reasons why this may be the case. First, increased fixation durations are usuallyseen as a measure of processing difficulty （e.g. Rayner, 1998）. As half of the SLAs were identicalto half of the RLAs （between-groups）, this is less likely to be simply due to systematic differencesin the nature of the advertisements. Instead the increased processing may be due to thelocation of the advertisement. SLAs tend to appear in more cluttered areas of the visual scene,close to other street furniture, passing vehicles, etc. The proximity of distractors to a target haslong been recognized to increase the amount of time it takes to respond to the target （e.g.Eriksen and Eriksen, 1974; Logan, 1996）, and visual clutter in realistic scenes tends to increasevisual search time for a target element （Boersema, 1989）. The embedded nature of SLAs withina complex scene may produce the same result. RLAs, however, have the benefit of being placedoutside the horizontal window of information, and it is possible that the reduced visual clutterof RLAs background （usually viewed against the sky or high buildings when at the point ofgreatest legibility） results in shorter fixation durations being required to extract the same level ofinformation.A second explanation for shorter fixation, durations and gaze durations on RLAs may be relatedto the visual angle at which they are presented compared to SLAs. Drivers tend to becomeuncomfortable looking away from the road for longer than a second, and prolonged fixationsaway from the road ahead can negatively affect steering behaviour （Land, 1998）. Though RLAsmay benefit from being outside the horizontal window （by not distracting attention at thewrong moment, or from the high contrast with a less cluttered background）, their location（when most legible） requires the driver to move their eyes further up in the visual scene thandrivers are normally used to. The desire to continue processing a RLA after the initial fixationmust be weighed against the urge to return to looking at the road ahead （typical of many scanpaths——Underwood et al., 2003）. The greater the distance between the fixation on anadvertisement and the road ahead, the greater the impulse to return the eyes to the forwardposition as soon as possible. As RLAs are further away from the optimum fixation position thanSLAs, it is natural that drivers will tend to fixate RLAs for a shorter amount of time.

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