近代物理學(xué)(改編版)

前言

Knowledge of the revolutions of 20th-century physics is an indispensable part of the training of any engineer and phYsical scientist. That is because viffually all of today a tecnology is based, at least in part, on this knowledge. The basic subject material of what is called mod- ern physics is very nearly 100 years old, so that it is hardly mOdem at at all. Yet just as Newton'slaws, today 300 years old, Maxwell's equations, today nearly 150 yeats old, and the laws of clasica！ sta- tistical physics, more than 100 years old, remain applicable and essential in their respective domains of physical law, so too do the two major developments of the first half of this century: relativity and quantum mechanics. These fundamental subjects underlie a vast scope of application that contin- ues its inventive course today Moreover, research on fundamental physics has not stopped with rela- tivity and quantum mechanics, and working scientists still face questions as interesting as any that have been answered in the past.Both relativity and quantum mechanics require the studert to make difficult changes inhow he or she thinks the physical world works. The subjects violate prejudices that have been built up by everyday experience. For this reason, precision and clarity of explanation are, for us, the first and most important part of the material. We have made every effor to avoid the "it can be shown" approach and to present modern physics in a way that makes its interconnectedness, as well as its connection to classical physics, evident.Throughout this text, we have built in a historical approach——a discussion of how a Subject developed and the thinking that led to its maturation. Often this historical perspective is inter- woven with the material; at other times it would interrupt an efficient and compact presentation, and then we present it on the side, asit were. We feel that t~ approach is useful  that it stress- es that the roots of the revolutionary advances lie in experiment; it also makes the text ore fun to read.

內(nèi)容概要

本書是Jeremy Bernstein等編著的Modern Physics（Pearson出版集團，2001年出版）的改編版。本書的原版本內(nèi)容豐富，資料詳實，涉及了物理學(xué)領(lǐng)域的最新成果和研究課題，在國外被許多外院校指定或推薦作為學(xué)生作為近代物理學(xué)的主要參考書，具有比較大的影響。本書根據(jù)國內(nèi)教學(xué)實際，刪去了原版第一篇“狹義相對論”部分，保留了“量子力學(xué)”、“物理應(yīng)用”和“物理前沿”的大部分內(nèi)容?！　”緯敿氷U述了量子力學(xué)發(fā)展的歷程和取得的成就，涉及復(fù)雜原子與分子、統(tǒng)計物理、原子輻射與激光、導(dǎo)體、半導(dǎo)體與超導(dǎo)體、原子核等內(nèi)容，以及基本粒子物理等一些前沿科研領(lǐng)域。 本書可供普通高等學(xué)校理科物理類專業(yè)作為雙語教學(xué)教材使用，也可供其他專業(yè)和社會讀者參考。作者簡介：Jeremy Bernstein，Jeremy Bernstein has had a dual career in physics and writing. He was on the staff of the New Yorker from 1963 to 1993 and was a Professor of Physics at the Stevens Institute of Technology from 1968 until his retirement in 1993, when he became Professor emeritus. He has won several awards for his writing about science and mountain travel. He has also published widely in both technical and non-techni-cal journals. Some of his recent books are: An Introduction to Cosmology, Albert Einstein and the Frontiers of Physics, A Theory for Everything, In the Himalayas, and Dawning of the Raj. He has held visiting appointments at The Rockefeller University,The University of Islamabad, The Ecole Polytechnique, CERN laboratory Princeton University, and Oxford. This photograph of Jeremy was taken on a bicycle trip in northern California. The thumb, which is on the grounds of the Clos Pegase art gallery and winery in Calistoga, was the work of the French artist Cesar Baldachini.Bernstein has bicycled in many countries including Bali and Crete. He makes his home in New York City and Aspen, Colorado.

作者簡介

Jeremy Bernstein，Jeremy Bernstein has had a dual career in physics and writing. He was on the staff of the New Yorker from 1963 to 1993 and was a Professor of Physics at the Stevens Institute of Technology from 1968 until his retirement in 1993, when he

書籍目錄

About the AuthorsPreface  i1  A Review  1-1 Newton's Laws  1-2 Work, Energy, and the Conservation of Energy  1-3 Rotations and the Center of Mass  1-4 Elastic Media and Waves  1-5 Thermal Phenomena  1-6 The Atomic Structure of Matter  1-7 Electricity and Magnetism  1-8 Electromagnetic Waves and Light Conclusion  PART 1  Quantum Mechanics  2  Waves As Particles and Particles As Waves    2-1 The Nature of Photons    2-2 The Photoelectric Effect    2-3 The Compton Effect    2-4 Blackbody Radiation    2-5 Conceptual Consequences of Light As Particles    2-6 Matter Waves and Their Detection    2-7 Conceptual Consequences of Particles As Waves  Summary  Questions  Problems  3  Atoms and the Bohr Model    3-1  The Behavior and Structure of Atoms    3-2 The Bohr Atom    3-3 Application of Bohr's Ideas to Other Systems    3-4 The Correspondence Principle   Summary  Questions  Problems  4  The Schr6dinger Equation    4-1  Wave Functions and Probabilities    ……PART 2　ApplicationsAppendix A TablesAppendix B A Mathematical Tool Chest

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：What is true for hydrogen is in fact true for all radiation emitted or absorbed by individual atoms or molecules. This radiation comes in discrete frequencies that are so thoroughly charac- teristic of the atoms or molecules in question that they in effect form a fingerprint. Accordingl~ there is an important application in: which the measurement of the frequencies emitted or absorbed by a material allows us to identify components that are present in the material, even in very small amounts. Let us turn now from questions of discrete frequencies to questions of atomic structure. InSection 1——6, we described Rutherford's classical experiments. These experiments established theexistence of an atom that resembles a miniature .solar system. But just how close is this resem-blance？ Several observations reveal that the atom behaves very differently from an electric equiv-alent of a mechanical solar system and that Newtonian physics is very far from providing anexplanation of atomic structure. We expand on two such observations that we briefly mentionedin Section 1-6.When classical electric charges accelerate, they radiate, losing energy in the process. A classical electron in orbit about a nucleus undergoes acceleration, and as it radiates and loses energy, it will spiral into the nucleus. A classical calculation shows that the electron should be absorbed into the nucleus in only 10-10 s！A classical picture cannot explain why all atoms of an element are the same, since, in the classi- cal planetary picture, orbital energies, for example, depend on the initial conditions and can vary by arbitrarily small amounts. This classical variability is contradicted by empirical fits like those described by Eq. （3-1）, which were interpreted by Ritz as being due.to differencesin what he called terms, but which we shall see are associated with energies that can have only distinct, discrete values.

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