交互式計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)

內(nèi)容概要

本書向讀者講授如何用OpenGL從初級(jí)階段快速制作優(yōu)質(zhì)的交互式計(jì)算機(jī)圖形實(shí)例，OpenGL是業(yè)界廣泛采用的三維圖形API，本書藉此向讀者提供了在計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)領(lǐng)域更廣闊空間內(nèi)發(fā)展的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。書中內(nèi)容覆蓋了計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)基礎(chǔ)課程所需的所有論題，如光景交互作用、圖形明暗處理、圖形建模、曲線與曲面、偏差預(yù)防、紋理映射和圖形組合，還探討了計(jì)算機(jī)硬件方面的問題。    本版為配合計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)領(lǐng)域最新進(jìn)展，增加了更具廣度和深度的內(nèi)容，包括圖像處理、多重透視、并行透視等，并運(yùn)用選擇模式、仿真模擬、面向?qū)ο髨D形學(xué)與實(shí)景圖像、射線跟蹤等方法講解了圖形交互的內(nèi)容。隨書所附光盤包括OpenGL指令集參考、OpenGL手冊(cè)、書中源碼代碼和附加的實(shí)用案例。    本書適用于高等院校本科高年級(jí)和研究生的計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)、交互式計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)等課程。

作者簡介

Edward Angel is currently a professor of Commputer Sicience,Electrical and Computer Engineering and Media Arts at the university of new mexico.He was recently named the Director of the Art tech Center at UNM in the College of Fine Arts.Professor Angel

書籍目錄

Preface Chapter 1  Graphics Systems and Models  1.1  Applications of Computer Graphics    1.1.1  Display of Information    1.1.2  Design    1.1.3  Simulation and Animation    1.1.4  User Interfaces  1.2  A Graphics System    1.2.1  Pixels and the Frame Buffer    1.2.2  Output Devices    1.2.3  Input Devices  1.3  Images: Physical and Synthetic    1.3.1  Objects and Viewers    1.3.2  Light and Images    1.3.3  Ray Tracing  1.4  The Human Visual System  1.5  The Pinhole Camera  1.6  The Synthetic-Camera Model  1.7  The Programmer's Interface    1.7.1  Application Programmer's Interfaces    1.7.2  The Pen-Plotter Model    1.7.3  Three-Dimensional APIs    1.7.4  A Sequence of Images    1.7.5  The Modeling-Rendering Paradigm  1.8  Graphics Architectures    1.8.1  Display Processors    1.8.2  Pipeline Architectures    1.8.3  Transformations    1.8.4  Clipping    1.8.5  Projection    1.8.6  Rasterization    1.8.7  Performance Characteristics  1.9  Summary and Notes  1.10  Suggested Readings  ExercisesChapter 2  Graphics Programming   2.1  The Sierpinski Gasket  2.2  Programming Two-Dimensional Applications    2.2.1  Coordinate Systems  2.3  The OpenGL API    2.3.1  Graphics Functions    2.3.2  The Graphics Pipeline and State Machines    2.3.3  The OpenGL Interface  2.4  Primitives and Attributes    2.4.1  Polygon Basics    2.4.2  Polygon Types in OpenGL    2.4.3  Drawing a Sphere    2.4.4  Text    2.4.5  Curved Objects    2.4.6  Attributes  2.5  Color    2.5.1  RGB Color    2.5.2  Indexed Color    2.5.3  Setting of Color Attributes  2.6  Viewing    2.6.1  Two-Dimensional Viewing    2.6.2  The Orthographic View    2.6.3  Matrix Modes  2.7  Control Functions    2.7.1  Interaction with the Window System    2.7.2  Aspect Ratio and Viewports    2.7.3  The main, display, and myinit Functions    2.7.4  Program Structure  2.8  The Gasket Program  2.9  Polygons and Recursion  2.10  The Three-Dimensional Gasket    2.10.1  Use of Three-Dimensional Points    2.10.2  Use of Polygons in Three Dimensions    2.10.3  Hidden-Surface Removal  2.11  Summary and Notes  2.12  Suggested Readings  ExercisesChapter 3  Input and Interaction   3.1  Interaction  3.2  Input Devices    3.2.1  Physical Input Devices    3.2.2  Logical Devices    3.2.3  Measure and Trigger    3.2.4  Input Modes  3.3  Clients and Servers  3.4  Display Lists    3.4.1  Definition and Execution of Display Lists    3.4.2  Text and Display Lists    3.4.3  Fonts in GLUT  3.5  Programming Event-Driven Input    3.5.1  Using the Pointing Device    3.5.2  Window Events    3.5.3  Keyboard Events    3.5.4  The Display and Idle Callbacks    3.5.5  Window Management  3.6  Menus  3.7  Picking    3.7.1  Picking and Selection Mode  3.8  A Simple Paint Program  3.9  Animating Interactive Programs    3.9.1  The Rotating Square    3.9.2  Double Buffering    3.9.3  Other Buffering Problems  3.10  Design of Interactive Programs    3.10.1  Toolkits, Widgets, and the Frame Buffer  3.11  Logic Operations    3.11.1  Drawing Erasable Lines    3.11.2  XOR and Color    3.11.3  Cursors and Overlay Planes  3.12  Summary and Notes  3.13  Suggested Readings  ExercisesChapter 4  Geometric Objects and Transformations   4.1  Scalars, Points, and Vectors    4.1.1  The Geometric View    4.1.2  Coordinate-Free Geometry    4.1.3  The Mathematical View: Vector and Affine Spaces    4.1.4  The Computer-Science View    4.1.5  Geometric ADTs    4.1.6  Lines    4.1.7  Affine Sums    4.1.8  Convexity    4.1.9  Dot and Cross Products    4.1.10  Planes  4.2  Three-Dimensional Primitives  4.3  Coordinate Systems and Frames    4.3.1  Representations and N-tuples    4.3.2  Changes of Coordinate Systems    4.3.3  Example of Change of Representation    4.3.4  Homogeneous Coordinates    4.3.5  Example of Change in Frames    4.3.6  Working with Representations    4.3.7  Frames and ADTs    4.3.8  Frames in OpenGL  4.4  Modeling a Colored Cube    4.4.1  Modeling of a Cube    4.4.2  Inward- and Outward-Pointing Faces    4.4.3  Data Structures for Object Representation    4.4.4  The Color Cube    4.4.5  Bilinear Interpolation    4.4.6  Vertex Arrays  4.5  Affine Transformations  4.6  Translation, Rotation, and Scaling    4.6.1  Translation    4.6.2  Rotation    4.6.3  Scaling  4.7  Transformations in Homogeneous Coordinates    4.7.1  Translation    4.7.2  Scaling    4.7.3  Rotation    4.7.4  Shear  4.8  Concatenation of Transformations    4.8.1  Rotation About a Fixed Point    4.8.2  General Rotation    4.8.3  The Instance Transformation    4.8.4  Rotation About an Arbitrary Axis  4.9  OpenGL Transformation Matrices    4.9.1  The Current Transformation Matrix    4.9.2  Rotation, Translation, and Scaling    4.9.3  Rotation About a Fixed Point in OpenGL    4.9.4  Order of Transformations    4.9.5  Spinning of the Cube    4.9.6  Loading, Pushing, and Popping Matrices  4.10  Interfaces to Three-Dimensional Applications    4.10.1  Using Areas of the Screen    4.10.2  A Virtual Trackball    4.10.3  Smooth Rotations    4.10.4  Incremental Rotation  4.11  Quaternions    4.11.1  Complex Numbers and Quaternions    4.11.2  Quaternions and Rotation  4.12  Summary and Notes  4.13  Suggested Readings  ExercisesChapter 5  Viewing   5.1  Classical and Computer Viewing    5.1.1  Classical Viewing    5.1.2  Orthographic Projections    5.1.3  Axonometric Projections    5.1.4  Oblique Projections    5.1.5  Perspective Viewing  5.2  Viewing with a Computer  5.3  Positioning of the Camera    5.3.1  Positioning of the Camera Frame    5.3.2  Two Viewing APIs    5.3.3  The Look-At Function    5.3.4  Other Viewing APIs  5.4  Simple Projections    5.4.1  Perspective Projections    5.4.2  Orthogonal Projections  5.5  Projections in OpenGL    5.5.1  Perspective in OpenGL    5.5.2  Parallel Viewing in OpenGL  5.6  Hidden-Surface Removal    5.6.1  Culling  5.7  Walking Through a Scene  5.8  Parallel-Projection Matrices    5.8.1  Projection Normalization    5.8.2  Orthogonal-Projection Matrices    5.8.3  Oblique Projections  5.9  Perspective-Projection Matrices    5.9.1  Perspective Normalization    5.9.2  OpenGL Perspective Transformations  5.10  Projections and Shadows  5.11  Summary and Notes  5.12  Suggested Readings  ExercisesChapter 6  Shading   6.1  Light and Matter  6.2  Light Sources    6.2.1  Color Sources    6.2.2  Ambient Light    6.2.3  Point Sources    6.2.4  Spotlights    6.2.5  Distant Light Sources  6.3  The Phong Reflection Model    6.3.1  Ambient Reflection    6.3.2  Diffuse Reflection    6.3.3  Specular Reflection  6.4  Computation of Vectors    6.4.1  Normal Vectors    6.4.2  Angle of Reflection    6.4.3  Use of the Halfway Vector    6.4.4  Transmitted Light  6.5  Polygonal Shading    6.5.1  Flat Shading    6.5.2  Interpolative and Gouraud Shading    6.5.3  Phong Shading  6.6  Approximation of a Sphere by Recursive Subdivision  6.7  Light Sources in OpenGL  6.8  Specification of Materials in OpenGL  6.9  Shading of the Sphere Model  6.10  Global Rendering  6.11  Summary and Notes  6.12  Suggested Readings  ExercisesChapter 7  Discrete Techniques   7.1  Buffers  7.2  Digital Images  7.3  Writes into Buffers    7.3.1  Writing Modes    7.3.2  Writes with XOR  7.4  Bit and Pixel Operations in OpenGL    7.4.1  OpenGL Buffers and the Pixel Pipeline    7.4.2  Bitmaps    7.4.3  Raster Fonts    7.4.4  Pixels and Images    7.4.5  Lookup Tables    7.4.6  Buffers for Picking  7.5  Mapping Methods  7.6  Texture Mapping    7.6.1  Two-Dimensional Texture Mapping    7.6.2  Texture Mapping in OpenGL    7.6.3  Texture Objects    7.6.4  Multitexturing    7.6.5  Texture Generation  7.7  Environmental Maps  7.8  Bump Maps  7.9  Compositing Techniques    7.9.1  Opacity and Blending    7.9.2  Image Compositing    7.9.3  Blending and Compositing in OpenGL    7.9.4  Antialiasing    7.9.5  Back-to-Front and Front-to-Back Rendering    7.9.6  Depth Cueing and Fog  7.10  Multirendering and the Accumulation Buffer    7.10.1  Scene Antialiasing    7.10.2  Bump Mapping and Embossing    7.10.3  Image Processing    7.10.4  Imaging Extensions    7.10.5  Other Multipass Methods  7.11  Sampling and Aliasing    7.11.1  Sampling Theory    7.11.2  Reconstruction    7.11.3  Quantization  7.12  Summary and Notes  7.13  Suggested Readings  ExercisesChapter 8  Implementation of a Renderer   8.1  Basic Implementation Strategies  8.2  Four Major Tasks    8.2.1  Modeling    8.2.2  Geometric Processing    8.2.3  Rasterization    8.2.4  Display  8.3  Implementation of Transformations  8.4  Line-Segment Clipping    8.4.1  Cohen-Sutherland Clipping    8.4.2  Liang-Barsky Clipping  8.5  Polygon Clipping  8.6  Clipping of Other Primitives    8.6.1  Bounding Boxes and Volumes    8.6.2  Curves, Surfaces, and Text    8.6.3  Clipping in the Frame Buffer  8.7  Clipping in Three Dimensions  8.8  Hidden-Surface Removal    8.8.1  Object-Space and Image-Space Approaches    8.8.2  Sorting and Hidden-Surface Removal    8.8.3  Back-Face Removal    8.8.4  The z-Buffer Algorithm    8.8.5  Depth Sort and the Painter's Algorithm    8.8.6  The Scan-Line Algorithm  8.9  Scan Conversion  8.10  Bresenham's Algorithm  8.11  Scan Conversion of Polygons    8.11.1  Inside-Outside Testing    8.11.2  OpenGL and Concave Polygons    8.11.3  Scan Conversion with the z-Buffer    8.11.4  Fill and Sort    8.11.5  Flood Fill    8.11.6  Scan-Line Algorithms    8.11.7  Singularities  8.12  Antialiasing  8.13  Display Considerations    8.13.1  Color Systems    8.13.2  The Color Matrix    8.13.3  Gamma Correction    8.13.4  Dithering and Halftoning  8.14  Summary and Notes  8.15  References  ExercisesChapter 9  Hierarchical and Object-Oriented Modeling   9.1  Symbols and Instances  9.2  Hierarchical Models  9.3  A Robot Arm  9.4  Trees and Traversal    9.4.1  A Stack-Based Traversal  9.5  Use of Tree Data Structures  9.6  Animation  9.7  Graphical Objects    9.7.1  Methods, Attributes, and Messages    9.7.2  A Cube Object    9.7.3  Implementing the Cube Object    9.7.4  Objects and Hierarchy    9.7.5  Geometric Objects  9.8  Scene Graphs  9.9  A Simple Scene Graph API    9.9.1  The Node Class    9.9.2  Geometry Nodes    9.9.3  Camera Class    9.9.4  Lights and Materials    9.9.5  Transformations    9.9.6  The Robot Figure    9.9.7  Implementing the Viewer    9.9.8  Implementing a Node  9.10  Other Tree Structures    9.10.1  CSG Trees    9.10.2  Shade Trees    9.10.3  BSP Trees    9.10.4  Quadtrees and Octrees  9.11  Graphics and the Web    9.11.1  Networks and Protocols    9.11.2  Hypermedia and HTML    9.11.3  Databases and VRML    9.11.4  JAVA and Applets  9.12  Summary and Notes  9.13  Suggested Readings  ExercisesChapter 10  Curves and Surfaces   10.1  Representation of Curves and Surfaces    10.1.1  Explicit Representation    10.1.2  Implicit Representations    10.1.3  Parametric Form    10.1.4  Parametric Polynomial Curves    10.1.5  Parametric Polynomial Surfaces  10.2  Design Criteria  10.3  Parametric Cubic Polynomial Curves  10.4  Interpolation    10.4.1  Blending Functions    10.4.2  The Cubic Interpolating Patch  10.5  Hermite Curves and Surfaces    10.5.1  The Hermite Form    10.5.2  Geometric and Parametric Continuity  10.6  Bezier Curves and Surfaces    10.6.1  Bezier Curves    10.6.2  Bezier Surface Patches  10.7  Cubic B-Splines    10.7.1  The Cubic B-Spline Curve    10.7.2  B-Splines and Basis    10.7.3  Spline Surfaces  10.8  General B-Splines    10.8.1  Recursively Defined B-Splines    10.8.2  Uniform Splines    10.8.3  Nonuniform B-Splines    10.8.4  NURBS  10.9  Rendering of Curves and Surfaces    10.9.1  Polynomial Evaluation Methods    10.9.2  Recursive Subdivision of Bezier Polynomials    10.9.3  Rendering of Other Polynomial Curves by Subdivision    10.9.4  Subdivision of Bezier Surfaces  10.10  The Utah Teapot  10.11  Algebraic Surfaces    10.11.1  Quadrics    10.11.2  Rendering of Surfaces by Ray Casting    10.11.3  Subdivision Curves and Surfaces  10.12  Curves and Surfaces in OpenGL    10.12.1  Bezier Curves    10.12.2  Bezier Surfaces    10.12.3  Displaying the Teapot    10.12.4  NURBS Functions    10.12.5  Quadrics  10.13  Summary and Notes  10.14  References and Notes  ExercisesChapter 11  Procedural Methods   11.1  Reasons for Using Procedural Models  11.2  Physically Based Models and Particle Systems  11.3  Newtonian Particles    11.3.1  Independent Particles    11.3.2  Spring Forces    11.3.3  Attractive and Repulsive Forces  11.4  Solving Particle Systems  11.5  Constraints    11.5.1  Collisions    11.5.2  Particles Inside a Sphere    11.5.3  Soft Constraints  11.6  Language-Based Models  11.7  Recursive Methods and Fractals    11.7.1  Rulers and Length    11.7.2  Fractal Dimension    11.7.3  Midpoint Division and Brownian Motion    11.7.4  Fractal Mountains  11.8  The Mandelbrot Set  11.9  Summary and Notes  11.10  Suggested Readings  ExercisesChapter 12  Visualization   12.1  Data + Geometry  12.2  Height Fields and Contours    12.2.1  Meshes    12.2.2  Contour Plots    12.2.3  Marching Squares  12.3  Visualizing Surfaces and Scalar Fields    12.3.1  Volumetric Data Sets    12.3.2  Visualization of Implicit Functions  12.4  Isosurfaces and Marching Cubes  12.5  Mesh Simplification  12.6  Direct Volume Rendering    12.6.1  Assignment of Color and Opacity    12.6.2  Splatting    12.6.3  Volume Ray Tracing    12.6.4  Texture Mapping of Volumes  12.7  Vector-Field Visualization    12.7.1  Hedgehogs    12.7.2  Glyphs    12.7.3  Color    12.7.4  Particle Traces and Streamlines  12.8  Tensor Visualization  12.9  Summary and Notes  12.10  Suggested Readings  ExercisesChapter 13  Advanced Rendering   13.1  Going Beyond Pipeline Rendering  13.2  Ray Tracing  13.3  Building a Simple Ray Tracer    13.3.1  Recursive Ray Tracing    13.3.2  Calculating Intersections    13.3.3  Ray-Tracing Variations  13.4  The Rendering Equation  13.5  Radiosity    13.5.1  The Radiosity Equation    13.5.2  Solving the Radiosity Equation    13.5.3  Computing Form Factors    13.5.4  Carrying Out Radiosity  13.6  Renderman  13.7  Large-Scale Rendering    13.7.1  Sort-Middle Rendering    13.7.2  Sort-Last Rendering    13.7.3  Sort-First Rendering  13.8  Image-Based Rendering    13.8.1  A Simple Example  13.9  Summary and Notes  13.10  Suggested Readings  ExercisesAppendix A Sample ProgramsAppendix B SpacesAppendix C MatricesReferencesFunction IndexSubject Index

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：Classical graphics techniques arose as a medium to convey information among people.Although spoken and written languages serve a similar purpose，the human viSUal system is unrivaled bo出as a processor of data and as a pattern recognizer.More than 4000 years ago’the Babylonians displayed floor plans of buildings on stones.More出an 2000 years ago.the Greeks were able to convey their architectural ideas graphically,even though the related mathematics was not developed until the Renaissance.Today,the same type of information iS generated by architects，mechanical designers’and draftspeople using computer- based drafting systems.For centuries，cartographers have developed maps to display celestial and geographical information.Such maps were crucial to navigators as these people explored出e ends ofthe earth：maps are no less important today in fields such as geographic information systems.Now,maps can be developed and manipulated in real time over Che Internet.Over the past 1 00 years，workers in the field of statistics have explored tech. niques for generating plots that aidthe viewer in determining the information in a set ofdata.Now,we have computer plotting packages that provide a variety of plotting techniques and color tools.and that can handle multiple large data sets.Nevertheless.it is still the human’S ability to recognize visual patterns that ultimatelv allows us to interoret the information contalned in the data.Medicine poses interesting and important data。analysis problems.New imag. ing technologics——such as computed tomography（C7），magnetic resonance imaging（Mea），ultrasound’and positron.emission tomography（PET）一 generate three-dimensional data that must be subjected to algorithmic ma. nipulafion to provide useful information.Color Plate 20 shows an image of a person'S head in which the skin iS displayed as transparent and the muscles are displayed as opaque.Although the data were collected by a medical imaging system，computer graphics produced the image that shows the structures.

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書評(píng)本套教學(xué)用書的特點(diǎn)：    權(quán)威性——教育部高等教育司推薦、教育部高等學(xué)校信息科學(xué)與技術(shù)引進(jìn)教材專家組遴選。    系統(tǒng)性——覆蓋計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)主干課程和非計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)基礎(chǔ)課程；    先進(jìn)性——著名計(jì)算機(jī)專家近兩年的最新著作，內(nèi)容體系先進(jìn)；    經(jīng)濟(jì)性——價(jià)格與國內(nèi)自編教材相當(dāng)，是國內(nèi)引進(jìn)教材價(jià)格最低的。    This is third edition of this widely adopted textbook.It gets beginners creating exciting interactive graphics applications quickly using OpenGL,the most widely used 3D graphics API in the industry,and provides a solid background for future work in computer graphics,The book covers all topics required for a fundamental course in computer graphics,such as light-material interactions,shading,modeling,curves and surfaces,antialiasing,texture mapping,and compositing,as well as hardware issues.    This edition includes an expanded breadth and depth of material to account for new developments in the field,including new material on image processing,texture mapping,multirendering,image-based rendering,and parallel rendering,as well as more material on interaction using selection mode,smooth animations,object-oriented graphics and scene graphics,and ray tracing and radiosity.    Included is a CD-ROM with OpenGL resources and book supplements.

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《交互式計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué):自頂向下方法與OpenGL應(yīng)用(第3版 影印版)》由高等教育出版社出版。本套教學(xué)用書的特點(diǎn)：權(quán)威性——教育部高等教育司推薦、教育部高等學(xué)校信息科學(xué)與技術(shù)引進(jìn)教材專家組遴選。系統(tǒng)性——覆蓋計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)主干課程和非計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)基礎(chǔ)課程；先進(jìn)性——著名計(jì)算機(jī)專家近兩年的最新著作，內(nèi)容體系先進(jìn)；經(jīng)濟(jì)性——價(jià)格與國內(nèi)自編教材相當(dāng)，是國內(nèi)引進(jìn)教材價(jià)格最低的。This is third edition of this widely adopted textbook.It gets beginners creating exciting interactive graphics applications quickly using OpenGL,the most widely used 3D graphics API in the industry,and provides a solid background for future work in computer graphics,The book covers all topics required for a fundamental course in computer graphics,such as light-material interactions,shading,modeling,curves and surfaces,antialiasing,texture mapping,and compositing,as well as hardware issues.This edition includes an expanded breadth and depth of material to account for new developments in the field,including new material on image processing,texture mapping,multirendering,image-based rendering,and parallel rendering,as well as more material on interaction using selection mode,smooth animations,object-oriented graphics and scene graphics,and ray tracing and radiosity.Included is a CD-ROM with OpenGL resources and book supplements.

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