文獻(xiàn)閱讀與翻譯

前言

在“科教興國”的基本方針指引下，我國的研究生教育有了蓬勃的發(fā)展。隨著各層次、各類型研究生教學(xué)的開展，英語教學(xué)也面臨著越來越高的要求。（（研究生英語系列教程》就是為了適應(yīng)這一新的形勢而編寫的系統(tǒng)教材?！堆芯可⒄Z系列教程》是以教育部（原國家教委）頒布的（（非英語專業(yè)研究生英語教學(xué)大綱》為依據(jù)，根據(jù)我國研究生教學(xué)的實(shí)際情況和國家對2l世紀(jì)高級技術(shù)與管理人才的要求進(jìn)行編寫的?？紤]到目前我國研究生層次多，其入學(xué)英語水平參差不齊，需要以不同水平為起點(diǎn)，因此本系列教程的編寫原則是：既從當(dāng)前研究生的實(shí)際水平出發(fā)，也力求滿足新世紀(jì)對高層次人才的期望，既重視培養(yǎng)學(xué)生扎實(shí)的語言技能，更注重提高其全面的應(yīng)用能力；既注意語言教育，更重視素質(zhì)教育。本系列教程具有以下特點(diǎn)：1．在編寫中注意吸收我國在長期的研究生英語教學(xué)和教材編寫中積累的豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)，同時(shí)充分采納國外的先進(jìn)教學(xué)理論和方法，力求有所繼承又有所創(chuàng)新，使本系列教程成為具有中國特色的新一代研究生英語教材。2．本系列教程統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)，分工編寫，涵蓋了自研究生課程班學(xué)生、碩士生至博士生的全部教學(xué)過程。各個(gè)分冊目的明確，相互銜接，系統(tǒng)性強(qiáng)。由于我國研究生入學(xué)時(shí)的英語起點(diǎn)不一，對英語的教學(xué)目的和要求也不盡相同，因此各分冊又相對獨(dú)立，有利于在教學(xué)中根據(jù)學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況和水平靈活使用。即可以從第一冊開始，也可以從后續(xù)教材開始；可以使用全套教材，也可以針對本專業(yè)需要有所選擇地使用。3．研究生階段培養(yǎng)的是高層次的專業(yè)人才，其英語教材應(yīng)體現(xiàn)先進(jìn)性和學(xué)術(shù)性。本系列教程務(wù)求內(nèi)容新穎、知識性強(qiáng)，并且具有學(xué)術(shù)英語（Englishfor academicpurposes)的特點(diǎn)。同時(shí)，語言是交際工具，非英語專業(yè)研究生掌握英語的目的是為了進(jìn)行國際之間的信息交流和從事各種涉外業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)，研究生英語教學(xué)也必須重視學(xué)以致用的原則。為此，本系列教程講求實(shí)用，選材廣泛，具有鮮明的時(shí)代特征。本系列教程由基礎(chǔ)階段教材和提高階段教材組成?；A(chǔ)階段《多維教程》：包括3冊教材，即：《探索》、《熟諳》、《通達(dá)》。

內(nèi)容概要

本書是教育部“高等教育面向21世紀(jì)教學(xué)內(nèi)容和課程體系改革計(jì)劃”的研究成果，是面向21世紀(jì)課程教材和教育部“九五”規(guī)劃教材。本書是《研究生英語系列教程》提高階段的重要組成部分，通過不同專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)和翻譯技能兩條主線，平行鋪開，旨在幫助學(xué)習(xí)者了解和掌握專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)的基本內(nèi)容、語言特點(diǎn)以及全方位的信息檢索，培養(yǎng)并提高他們閱讀和翻譯各種專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)資料的能力。    本書可作為高等學(xué)校非英語專業(yè)碩士生、博士生使用的教材，還可供具有相當(dāng)于或接近于本科英語6級水平的英語自學(xué)者使用。

書籍目錄

Unit 1 General Description of Literature Readinq and Tranalotion  Topical Highlights  Theme Presentation    1.Definition of Literature    2.Classification of Literature    3.Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature    4.Search for Relevant Literature  Reflections and Practice (1)  Supplementary Readings on Informational Retrieval  Translation Skills (1): Translation in General and Translation of Special Literature  Special Attention: The Translation of Documentation  Reflections and Practice (2)Unit 2 Standards  Topical Highlights  Theme Presentation    1.Definition of Standard    2.Classification of Standards    3.Linguistic Features of Standards    4.Search for International Standards,  Sample Analysis  Reflections and Practice (1)  Supplementary Readings on Standards  Translation Skills (2): Diction  Special Attention: The Translation of Standards  Reflections and Practice (2)Unit 3 Patents  Topical Highlights  Theme Presentation    1.Definition of Patent    2.Classification and Formation of Patents    3.Linguistic Features of Patents    4.Search for Patents  Sample Analysis  Reflections and Practice (1)  Supplementary Readings on Patents  Translation Skills (3): Amplification  Special Attention: The Translation of Patents  Reflections and Practice (2)Unit 4 Trademarks  Topical Highlights  Theme Presentation    1.Definition of Trademark    2.Classification of Trademarks    3.Linguistic Features of Trademarks    4.Search for Trademarks  Sample Analysis  Supplementary Readings on Trademarks  Reflections and Practice (1)  Translation Skills (4): Omission  Special Attention: The Translation of Trademarks  Reflections and Practice (2)Unit 5 CopyrightsUnit 6 Contracts and AgreementsUnit 7 Tender DocumentsUnit 8 ProposalsUnit 9 AbstractsUnit 10 ReportsUnit 11 Professional PapersUnit 12 Coference DocumentsUnit 13 ReviewsUnit 14 IndexesUnit 15 BibliographyAppendixes

章節(jié)摘錄

manufacturers conceived the idea of bypassing wholesalers and retailers and reaching the consumer through direct advertising，mainly by means of catalogs．The pioneers in this field were seed companies and book and pamphlet publishers．Mail-order houses appeared on the scene as early as the 1 870s．To the present day they have continued to expand their businesses through direct-mail camlog and flyer advertising，although some of the biggest houses sell also through retail outlets．Patent medicine companies loomed large in newspaper and magazine advertising starting in the late 1 870s．They found a ready market because doctors and reliable pharmacists were scarce outside the populated areas，and the frontier settlers and farmers had to do much of their own doctoring．The patent medicine bottlers made a gross profit of from 80 to 90 percent and could therefore well afford to spend money publicizing their remedies．Railroads and steamship lines also were among the early users of advertising in the U．S．，not only to praise the luxury and comfort of their modes of travel but also to publish their schedules and rates．Late in the 1 9th century many American firms began to market packaged goods under brand names．This development initiated a new era in the history of advertising． Previously，such everyday household products as sugar，soap，rice，molasses，butter，milk， lard，beans，candy,candles，and pickles had been sold in neighborhood stores from large bulk containers．As a result，consumers had seldom been aware of，or influenced by， brand names．The soapmakers were early advertisers of packaged and branded products．The first household name soap brands，which date from about 1 880，include Ivory，Pears’，Sapolio， Colgate，Kirk’S American Family，and Packer’S．Soon afterward such brands as Royal Baking Powder,Quaker Oats，Baker’S Chocolate，Hire’S Root Beer，Regal Shoes，and Waterman’S Peas were nationally advertised．Shortly after the turn of the century Americans began to be aware of such brand names as Bon Ami，Wrigley,and Coca-Cola．After World War I advertising developed into a business SO big that it became almost a trademark of America itself in the eyes of the world．This expansion was stimulated by many technical improvements，and the expanding American indus時(shí)inspired innovations and improved techniques that benefited other facets of business in the nation．The increased use of electricity led to the illuminated outdoor poster；photoengraving and other modem printing inventions helped both the editorial and advertising departments .

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