膜生物反應(yīng)器

內(nèi)容概要

　　隨著膜科學(xué)技術(shù)日新月異的發(fā)展，膜生物反應(yīng)器（Membrane Bioreactor，MBR）越來(lái)越廣泛地應(yīng)用于污水處理領(lǐng)域?！赌ど锓磻?yīng)器：水和污水處理的原理與應(yīng)用（原著第2版）（導(dǎo)讀版）》采用將理論與工程分開(kāi)的編寫(xiě)方式，旨在提供盡可能多的實(shí)用信息?！　∪珪?shū)共分5章。第1章為MBR概述，介紹了MBR的定義、膜與MBR的發(fā)展史及MBR市場(chǎng)的擴(kuò)展過(guò)程，總結(jié)了MBR的市場(chǎng)現(xiàn)狀及其發(fā)展的主要推動(dòng)力。第2章詳細(xì)闡述MBR基本原理。第3章探討了MBR的設(shè)計(jì)、運(yùn)行和維護(hù)。第4章介紹了30余類(lèi)技術(shù)產(chǎn)品及其詳細(xì)技術(shù)信息。第5章根據(jù)膜構(gòu)型和具體工藝，介紹了部分膜產(chǎn)品的應(yīng)用情況及多家MBR產(chǎn)品公司的近60個(gè)工程實(shí)例。

作者簡(jiǎn)介

作者:(英)西蒙·賈德（Simon Judd）

書(shū)籍目錄

前言編者簡(jiǎn)介貢獻(xiàn)者1 緒論2 基本原理3 設(shè)計(jì)、運(yùn)行與維護(hù)4 商業(yè)化技術(shù)5 工程實(shí)例附錄附錄A 單位換算附錄B MBR生物處理基本參數(shù)值附錄C 膜產(chǎn)品縮略詞符號(hào)說(shuō)明術(shù)語(yǔ)表索引

章節(jié)摘錄

Chapter 1IntroductionWithacknowledgementsto(inalphabeticalorderbyorganizationandcontributorlastname):Section  Name  Organisation1.2.1  Yiming Zeng  Superstring1.3.2  Ana Santos  Cran.eldUniversity1.4.1.1e2 Paul Jeffrey  Cran.eldUniversity1.4.2.1  Visvanathan Lingamurti (Lingam) Pillay  DurbanUniversityofTechnology TimYoung MBR Technology.1.4.2.2  David de Haas  GHD Pty Ltd1.4.2.3  Xia Huang, Yuexiao Shen, Kang Xiao  Tsinghua University1.4.2.4  Sebastian Zacharias  Cinzac Group1.4.2.5  Hiroki Itokawa  JapanSewageWorksAgency1.4.2.6  A. Wahab Mohammad  UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia1.4.2.7  TaoGuihe,KiranKekre,HarrySeah PUB1.4.2.8  Christoph Brepols  Erftverband1.4.2.9  VictorFerre KubotaMembraneEurope Josef Dusini  Ladurner Acque1.4.2.10  Darren Lawrence  KochMembraneSystems1.4.2.11  Daniel Sanchez  Hera-AMASA VictorFerre KubotaMembraneEurope1.4.2.12  Stephen Kennedy  Ovivo1.4.2.13  Zakir Hirani  MWH Americas Inc.1.5  Ana Santos  Cran.eldUniversity1.1. DEFINITIONTheterm‘membranebioreactor’(MBR)appliestoallwaterandwastewatertreatmentprocessesintegratingapermselectivemembranewithabiologicalprocess.AllcurrentlyavailablecommercialMBRprocessesemploythemembraneostensiblyasa.lter,rejectingthesolidmaterialsdevelopedbythebiologicalprocesstoprovideaclari.edanddisinfectedproduct.ItisthistypeofMBR,thebiomassrejectionMBR(Section1.1),whichformstheprimaryfocusofthisbook.TheprogressoftechnologicaldevelopmentandmarketpenetrationofMBRscanbeviewedinthecontextoftheirhistoricaldevel-opment(Section1.2),currentmarketpenetration(Section1.3),keydrivers Copyright . 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Section1.4)andthestatusofMBRresearch(Section1.5),allimpactingtosomedegreeonthefutureprospectsofthetechnology(Section1.6).1.2. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE1.2.1. Membranes and Membrane TechnologyThemembraneindustrydidnotexistuntiltheearlytwentiethcentury;themainresearchonmembraneseparationphenomenawasaimedatelucidatingthephysico-chemicalprinciplesoftheprocess,andthemechanismofdiffusion.However,someoftheseearly-stageachievementsstillimpactontheacademicresearchandindustrialapplicationstoday.TheseincludeFick’s(1855)phenomenologicallawsofdiffusion,van’tHoff’s(1887,1888)osmoticpres-sureequation,forwhichhewasawardedthe.rstNoblePrizeinChemistryin1901,andThomasGraham’spioneeringworkingasseparationusingbothporousmembranesanddensemembranesisstillrelevanttoday.Grahamdiscoveredthatrubberexhibitsselectivepermeabilitytodifferentgases,andalsofoundlow-molecularweightsubstancestobeconcentratedintheperme-atedgaswhenthemembraneporesizeisclosetothemeanfreepathofgasmolecules(Graham,1861,1866).Graham’sworkwasinspiredbySchmidt’s(1856)earlierstudy,wherehehadusedbovineheartmembranes(theporedimensionbeing1e50nm)toseparatesolubleAcaciaearguablythe.rstdocumentedultra.ltration(UF)experiment.The.rstsyntheticUFmembraneswerepreparedbyBechholdfromcollodion(nitrocellulose).Bechholdwasalsothe.rsttomeasuremembranebubblepoints,andtoproposetheterm‘ultra.lter’(Bechhold,1907).Otherimportantearlyresearchers,Elford,Zsigmondy,Bachmann,andFerry,etc.,furtherdevelopedBechhold’smembranepreparationmethod.CommercialapplicationofcollodionporousmembranescanbeattributedtoZsigmondy’slaboratoryattheUniversityofGoettingen,Germany;ZsigmondyandBach-mannwerethe.rsttoproposeamethodtoproduceporouscollodionmembraneinanindustrialscale(Zsigmondy&Bachmann,1918,1922).Basedonthistechnology,theworld’s.rstcommercialmicroporousmembranesupplier,SartoriusWerkeGmbH,wasestablishedinGoettingenin1925,althoughitsproductsweremostlysoldtoresearchlaboratories.Theearlyporouscollodionmembraneformationmethodwasnamed‘dryinversion’,whichisstillinusetoday.DuringWorldWarII,damagetoGermandistributionnetworksbybombingraidsledtothedevelopmentoftechniquesforrapidanalysisforbacteriainwatersupplies.UsingSartoriusmembranes,Mu¨llerandothersatHamburgUniversitydevelopedaneffectivemethodtocultivatemicro-organismsindrinkingwater.Thiswasthe.rstlarge-scaleapplicationofmicro.ltration(MF)membranes.FollowingonfromthisworkandinrecognitionofthestrategicimportanceofMFmembranes,AlexanderGoetz,aprofessorintheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,wassponsoredbytheUSmilitarytoduplicatetheSartoriusmembranetechnology.Goetzdevelopedanimprovedmembraneformationmethod,nowcalled‘vapour-inducedphaseseparation’.Themaininnovationofhismethodincludedusingacopolymerofcelluloseacetateandcellulosenitrateasthemembranematerial,andpreparingthemembraneinahighmoistureenvironment.ThistechnologywaslatertransferredtoLowellInc.,andin1954LowellestablishedtheMilliporeCorporationtocommer-cialisethemembrane.ThisrepresentstheincipientstagesoftheUSmicro-porousmembraneindustry.Theperiodbetweenthe1960sandthe1980sisoftenregardedasbeingthegoldenageofmembranescience.Thecrucialbreakthroughwasthedevelop-mentoftheasymmetriccelluloseacetatemembranebyLoebandSourirajanin1963(Loeb&Sourirajan,1964).LoebandSourirajan’smembranepreparationmethodisoftenreferredtoas‘wetphaseinversion’or‘non-solvent-inducedphaseseparation’(NIPS).Microporousmembranespreparedbythismethodhaveanasymmetricporousstructure:averythinsurfacemicroporouslayer(w0.2mm)supportedbyasubstratehavinglargerpores.Becauseofitsthinseparationlayer,theNIPSmembranedemonstratessigni.cantlyimproved.uxes.TheLoebandSourirajanmembranepreparationmethodhadagreatin.uenceonthedevelopmentofreverseosmosis(RO),UF,MFandgasseparation.LoebandSourirajan’sgoalwasfocusedonproducinghigh-.uxROmembranes,butotherresearchers,particularlyAlanS.Michaels,realizedthegeneralapplicabilityofthetechnique.MichaelswasthefounderofAmiconInc.Inthe1960s,AmiconInc.collaboratedwithDorr-OliverInc.todevelopnewkindsofUFmembranespreparedbyusingvariouspolymerssuchaspolyacrylonitrile(PAN),polysulfone(PS),poly(vinylidenedi.uoride)(PVDF)andothers(Michaels,1963),applyingthenewproductsonanindustrialscale.Thermallyinducedphaseseparation(TIPS)representsanotherimportantimprovementinthedevelopmentofmembranetechnologies.InTIPS,polymeranditsdiluentsaremixedunderhightemperaturetoformauniformsolution.Graduallyreducingthetemperatureofthecastingsolutioncausesphaseseparationandconsequentlyaporousstructure.The.rstcommercialTIPSmembranemaybeattributedtoCastro(1981).Inthefollowingtwodecades,TIPSmembraneshavebeenusedinavarietyofapplications,suchasbloodplasma.ltration,membranedistillation,fuelcellsandmedicaldressings.AdvantagesofTIPSmembranesincludehighporosity,highpermeationrate,highphysicalstrength,narrowporesizedistributionandgreaterwater.uxesthanthoseofNIPSmembranes:thepurewater.uxoftypicalTIPSMFmembranescommonlyexceeds1000Lperm2 membraneperhourperbarpressure(LMH/bar),comparedwith200e300LMH/barforNIPSUFandMFmaterials.TIPSmembranestypicallyusedforMFareof0.1e0.4mmporesize.Twoothercommerciallyimportantmembraneproductionmethodsaretheradiationtracketchedandmeltextrusionandcold-stretchingmethods.Radiationtracketchingwasdevelopedinthe1960s(Fleischer,Price,&Walker,1969)withlimitedapplicationinthemanufactureof.atmembraneduetoitspoorpermeabilityandhighcost.Themeltextrusionandcold-stretchingmethod,ontheotherhand,ismuchlowerincost.Themethodwas.rstdevelopedbyCelaneseCorp.in1974(Druin,Loft,&Plovan,1974).In1977,MitsubishiRayonCorp.producedahollow-.bre(HF)polyethylene(PE)MFmembranebythismembraneformationmethod.Asanimmersedmembranemodule,theHFPEMFmembraneofMitsubishiRayonhasfoundmanyapplicationsinthe.eldofwastewatertreatment.1.2.2. Membrane Bioreactor Technology1.2.2.1. TheEarlyYears:1970se1990sThe.rstmembranebioreactors(MBRs)weredevelopedcommerciallybyDorr-Oliverinthelate1960s(Bemberis,Hubbard,&Leonardet,1971),combiningUFwithaconventionalactivatedsludgeprocess(CASP),forapplicationtoship-boardsewagetreatment(Bailey,Bemberis,&Presti,1971).Otherbench-scalemembraneseparationsystemslinkedwithaCASPwerereportedataroundthesametime(Hardt,Clesceri,Nemerow,&Washington,1970;Smith,Gregorio,&Talcott,1969).Thesesystemswereallbasedonwhathavecometobeknownas‘sidestream’con.gurations(sMBR,Fig.1.1a),asopposedtothenowmorecommerciallysigni.cant‘immersed’con.guration(iMBR,Fig.1.1b).TheDorr-Olivermembranesewagetreatment(MST)processwasbasedon.at-sheet(FS)UFmembranesoperatedatwhatwouldnowbeconsideredexcessivepressures(3.5barinletpressure)andlow.uxes(17L/(m2 h),orLMH),yieldingmeanpermeabilitiesoflessthan10LMH/bar.Nonetheless,theDorr-OliversystemsucceededinestablishingtheprincipleofcouplingaCASPwithamembranetosimultaneouslyconcentratethebiomasswhilstgeneratingaclari.ed,disinfectedproduct.ThesystemwasmarketedinJapanunderlicensetoSankiEngineering,withsomesuccessupuntiltheearly1990s.DevelopmentswerealsounderwayinSouthAfricawhichledtotheRecirculated stream(a) (b)Sludge Out SludgeFIG. 1.1 Con.gurations of a membrane bioreactor: (a) sidestream and (b) immersed.commercializationofananaerobicdigesterUF(ADUF)MBRbyWeirEnvig(Botha,Sanderson,&Buckley,1992),foruseonhigh-strengthindustrialwastewaters.Ataroundthistime,fromthelate1980stoearly1990s,otherimportantcommercialdevelopmentsweretakingplace.InJapan,thegovernment-insti-gatedwaterrecyclingprogrammepromptedpioneeringworkbyYamamoto,Hiasa,Mahmood,&Matsuo(1989)todevelopanimmersedHFUFMBRprocess,aswellasthedevelopmentofanFS-micro.ltrationiMBRbytheagriculturalmachinerycompany,Kubota(Section4.2.1).Thissubsequentlyunderwentdemonstrationatpilotscale,.rstatHiroshimain1990(25m3/day,or0.025megalitresperdayorMLD)andthenatthecompany’sownsiteatSakai-Rinkaiin1992(0.110MLD).Bytheendof1996,therewerealready60KubotaplantsinstalledinJapanfordomesticwastewaterand,lateron,industrialef.uenttreatment,providingatotalinstalledcapacityof5.5MLD.AlsoinJapan,MitsubishiRayonintroduceditsSURMBRmembranemodule,basedonitsSteraporeproduct,in1993.BoththeseproductstosomeextentdisplacedsomeoftheoldersidestreamsystemswhichhadbeenestablishedinJapan,thoughside-streamMBRscontinuetobeusedinJapanandelsewhere.Theinstallationofin-buildingwastewaterrecyclingplantsinJapanbasedontheOrelisEnvironment(formerlyRhodiaOrelisandbeforethisRho.nePoulenc)PLEIADE.FSsMBRsystem,actuallypre-datesthatoftheKubotaplantsforthisduty.ThePLEIADE.systemwasoriginallytrialledinFranceinthe1970sandby1999therewere125small-scalesystems(allbelow0.2MLD)worldwide,themajorityofthesebeinginJapanandaroundadozeninFrance.TheDorr-OliverMSTsystemwassimilarlyrathermoresuccessfulinJapanthaninNorthAmericainthe1970sand1980s(Sutton,Mishra,Bratby,&Enegess,2002).WehrleEnvironmental,partoftheverywell-establishedWehrleWerkAG(formedin1860)ofGermany,hasbeenapplyingitsmultitube(MT)sMBRs(predominantlyemployingNoritX-FlowpolymericMTmembranemodules)toland.llleachatetreatmentsince1990.AsidestreamMBRDegremontsystembasedonceramicmembraneswasintroducedinthemid-1990s,andotherceramicmembraneproductshavealsobeenemployedinafewsMBRapplications.Thesepumpedsidestreamsystemsalltendtobeusedforindus-trialef.uenttreatmentapplicationsinvolvingrelativelylow.ows,suchthattheirmarketpenetrationcomparedwiththeimmersedsystems,particularlyinthemunicipalwatersector,hasbeenlimited.AtaroundthesametimeasKubotaweredevelopingtheirproduct,intheUSAThetfordSystemsweredevelopingtheirCycle-Let.process,anothersidestreamprocess,forwastewaterrecyclingduties.ZenonEnvironmental,acompanyformedin1980andwhosubsequentlyacquiredThetfordSystems,weredevelopinganMBRsystem.Bytheearly1990s,theZenoGem.immersedHFUFMBRprocesshadbeenpatented(Tonelli&Canning,1993;Tonelli&Behmann,1996),andthe.rstimmersedHFZeeWeed.module,the ZW145whichprovided145squarefeetofmembranearea,wasintroducedtothemarketin1993(Section4.3.1).BytheendoftheMillenniumthetotalinstalledcapacityofZenonplantshadreached150MLD.1.2.2.2. The Late 1990s Onwards: the Development of Other MBR ProductsThe.rstKubotamunicipalwastewatertreatmentworksinstalledoutsideJapanwasatPorlockintheUnitedKingdomin1997(Section5.3.1.1),followingsuccessfultrialsatKingstonSeymourbyWessexWaterinthemid-1990s.The.rstZenonmembrane-basedplantofsimilarsizeinstalledoutsideoftheUSAwastheVeolia(thenVivendi)Biosep.plantatPerthesenGatinaisinFrancein1999(Section5.3.1.1).Boththeseplantshaveapeak.owcapacityjustbelow2MLD,andrepresentlandmarkplantsinthedevelopmentandimplementationofimmersedMBRtechnology.Bythelate1990s,however,otherMBRmembraneproductsandsystemswereunderdevelopment,leadingtoanexplosionofcommercialactivityfromtheturnoftheMillenniumtothepresentday.Whereasthe.rsthalfofthe1990ssawthelaunchofonlythreemajorimmersedMBRmembraneprod-ucts,originatingfromjusttwocountries(USAandJapan),the.rst.veyearsofthefollowingdecadesawthelaunchofatleast10productsoriginatingfromsevencountries,coupledwiththreesigni.cantacquisitionsinthemid-noughties(Section1.3).For12majorsuppliers(Table1.1)asat2010,therewereeitherexistingorplannedMBRinstallationsofmorethan10MLDcapacity.Inadditiontothoseproductslistedforwhichthereare‘.agship’largeplants,therearecurrentlyatleastanother33MBRmembraneproducts(Chapter4),allofwhichhavecometothemarketsincearound2000,inadditiontoanumberofproprietaryMBRtechnologiesbasedonafewofthemembraneproducts.1.3. MARKET1.3.1. GeneralMBRsystemshavebeenimplementedinmorethan200countries(Icon,2008);growthratesandtheextentofimplementationvaryregionallyaccordingtothestateofeconomicdevelopmentandinfrastructure.Commontoallregions,however,isthefactthatsalesofthetechnologyhavegenerallygrownfasterthantheGDPsofcountriesinstallingthem,signi.-cantlysoinChina,aswellasmorerapidlythantheindustriesthatusethem(Srinivasan,2007;BCC,2008).Globalgrowthratesbetween9.5and12%areroutinelyquotedinreportsproducedbymarketanalysis,andthemarketvalueoftheMBRindustryispredictedtoapproach$0.5billion($500million)by2013.Datatakenfromtwosourcesfortheperiodbetween2000and2013indicateameangrowthrateof11.6e12.7%(Fig.1.2).

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膜生物反應(yīng)器在市政和污水處理工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣泛、本書(shū)覆蓋了膜生物反應(yīng)器技術(shù)的方方面面，包括基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、設(shè)計(jì)原理、膜阻塞及其控制、膜模型及過(guò)程配置，以及操作和維護(hù)，同時(shí)介紹了部分商業(yè)化的膜生物反應(yīng)器產(chǎn)品和工程實(shí)例。Simon Judd，Claire Judd主編的《膜生物反應(yīng)器(水和污水處理的原理與應(yīng)用原著第2版導(dǎo)讀版)》適合化學(xué)、化工、環(huán)境科學(xué)等相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的人員閱讀參考。

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