原子和分子光譜學(xué)

內(nèi)容概要

　　A wide-ranging review of modem spectroscopic
techniques such as X-ray, photoelectron, optical and laser
spectroscopy, and radiofrequency and microwave techniques. On the
fundamental side the book focuses on physical principles and the
impact of spectroscopy on our understanding of the building blocks
of matter, while in the area of applications particular attention
is given to those in chemical analysis, photochemistry, surface
characterisation, environmental and medical diagnostics, remote
sensing and astrophyscis. The Fourth Edition also provides the
reader with an update on laser cooling and trapping, Bose-Einstein
condensation, ultra-fast spectroscopy, highpower laser/matter
interaction, satellitebased astronomy and spectroscopic aspects of
laser medicine.

作者簡(jiǎn)介

作者：（美國(guó)）斯萬(wàn)貝里（S.Svanberg）

書籍目錄

1. introduction
2. atomic structure
2.1 one-electron systems
2.2 alkali atoms
2.3 magnetic effects
2.3.1 precessional motion
2.3.2 spin-orbit interaction
2.4 general many-electron systems
2.5 the influence of external fields
2.5.1 magnetic fields
2.5.2 electric fields
2.6 hyperfine structure
2.6.1 magnetic hyperfine structure
2.6.2 electric hyperfine structure
2.7 the influence of external fields (hfs)
2.8 isotopic shifts
3. molecular structure
3.1 electronic levels
3.2 rotational energy
3.3 vibrational energy
3.4 polyatomic molecules
3.5 clusters
3.6 other molecular structures
4. radiation and scattering processes
4.1 resonance radiation
4.2 spectra generated by dipole transitions
4.2.1 atoms
4.2.2 molecules
4.3 rayleigh and raman scattering
4.4 raman spectra
4.4.1 vibrational raman spectra
4.4.2 rotational raman spectra
4.4.3 vibrational-rotational rarnan spectra
4.5 mie scattering
4.6 atmospheric scattering phenomena
4.7 comparison between different radiation and scattering
processes
4.8 collision-induced processes
5. spectroscopy of inner electrons
5.1 x-ray spectroscopy
5.1.1 x-ray emission spectroscopy
5.1.2 x-ray absorption spectroscopy
5.1.3 x-ray imaging applications
5.2 photoelectron spectroscopy
5.2.1 xps techniques and results
5.2.2 chemical shifts
5.3 auger electron spectroscopy
6. optical spectroscopy
6.1 light sources
6.1.1 line light sources
6.1.2 continuum light sources
6.1.3 synchrotron radiation
6.1.4 natural radiation sources
6.2 spectral resolution instruments
6.2.1 prism spectrometers
6.2.2 grating spectrometers
6.2.3 the fabry-p~rot interferometer
6.2.4 the fourier transform spectrometer
6.3 detectors
6.4 optical components and materials
6.4.1 interference filters and mirrors
6.4.2 absorption filters
6.4.3 polarizers
6.4.4 optical materials
6.4.5 influence of the transmission medium
6.5 optical methods of chemical analysis
6.5.1 the beer-lambert law
6.5.2 atomic absorption/emission spectrophotometry
6.5.3 burners, flames, sample preparation and measurements
6.5.4 modified methods of atomization
6.5.5 multi-element analysis
6.5.6 molecular spectrophotometry
6.5.7 raman spectroscopy
6.6 optical remote sensing
6.6.1 atmospheric monitoring with passive techniques
6.6.2 land and water measurements with passive techniques
6.7 astrophysical spectroscopy
7. radio-frequency spectroscopy
7.1 resonance methods
7.1.1 magnetic resonance
7.1.2 atomic-beam magnetic resonance
7.1.3 optical pumping
7.1.4 optical double resonance
7.1.5 level-crossing spectroscopy
7.1.6 resonance methods for liquids and solids
7.2 microwave radiometry
7.3 radio astronomy
8. lasers
8.1 basic principles
8.2 coherence
8.3 resonators and mode structure
8.4 fixed-frequency lasers
8.4.1 the ruby laser
8.4.2 four-level lasers
8.4.3 pulsed gas lasers
8.4.4 the he-ne laser
8.4.5 gaseous ion lasers
8.5 tunable lasers
8.5.1 dye lasers
8.5.2 colour-centre lasers
8.5.3 tunable solid-state lasers
8.5.4 tunable co2 lasers
8.5.5 semiconductor lasers
8.6 nonlinear optical phenomena
8.7 ultra-short and ultra-high-power laser pulse generation
8.7.1 short-pulse generation by mode-locking
8.7.2 generation of ultra-high power pulses
9. laser spectroscopy
9.1 basic principles
9.1.1 comparison between conventional light sources and
lasers
9.1.2 saturation
9.1.3 excitation methods
9.1.4 detection methods
9.1.5 laser wavelength setting
9.2 doppler-limited techniques
9.2.1 absorption measurements
9.2.2 intracavity absorption measurements
9.2.3 absorption measurements on excited states
9.2.4 level labelling
9.2.5 two-photon absorption measurements
9.2.6 opto-galvanic spectroscopy
9.2.7 single-atom and single-molecule detection
9.2.8 opto-acoustic spectroscopy
9.3 optical double-resonance and level-crossing experiments with
laser excitation
9.4 time-resolved atomic and molecular spectroscopy
9.4.1 generation of short optical pulses
9.4.2 measurement techniques for optical transients
9.4.3 background to lifetime measurements
9.4.4 survey of methods of measurement for radiative
properties
9.4.5 quantum-beat spectroscopy
9.5 ultrafast spectroscopy
9.5.1 ultrafast measurement techniques
9.5.2 molecular reaction dynamics (femtochemistry)
9.5.3 coherent control
9.6 high-power laser experiments
9.6.1 above threshold ionization (ati)
9.6.2 high harmonic generation
9.6.3 x-ray laser pumping
9.6.4 broadband x-ray generation
9.6.5 relativistic effects and laser accelerators
9.6.6 laser-nuclear interactions and laser-driven fusion
9.7 high-resolution laser spectroscopy
9.7.1 spectroscopy on collimated atomic and ionic beams
9.7.2 saturation spectroscopy and related techniques
9.7.3 doppler-free two-photon absorption
9.8 cooling and trapping of ions and atoms
9.8.1 introduction
9.8.2 ion traps
9.8.3 basic laser cooling in traps
9.8.4 trapped ion spectroscopy
9.8.5 atom cooling and trapping
9.8.6 sub-recoil cooling
9.8.7 atom optics
9.8.8 bose-einstein condensation and "atom lasers"
9.8.9 ultracold fermionic gases
10. laser-spectroscopic applications
10.1 diagnostics of combustion processes
10.1.1 background
10.1.2 laser-induced fluorescence and related techniques
10.1.3 raman spectroscopy
10.1.4 coherent anti-stokes raman scattering
10.1.5 velocity measurements
10.2 laser remote sensing of the atmosphere
10.2.1 optical heterodyne detection
10.2.2 long-path absorption techniques
10.2.3 lidar techniques
10.3 laser-induced fluorescence and raman spectroscopy in liquids
and solids
10.3.1 hydrospheric remote sensing
10.3.2 vegetation monitoring
10.3.3 monitoring of surface layers
10.4 laser-induced chemical processes
10.4.1 laser-induced chemistry
10.4.2 laser isotope separation
10.5 spectroscopic aspects of lasers in medicine
10.5.1 thermal interaction of laser light with tissue
10.5.2 photodynamic tumour therapy
10.5.3 tissue diagnostics with laser-induced fluorescence
10.5.4 scattering spectroscopy and tissue transillumination
questions and exercises
references
index

章節(jié)摘錄

版權(quán)頁(yè)：插圖：9.1.3 Excitation MethodsSeveral different excitation schemes can be used in laser spectroscopy. This is illustrated in Fig. 9.1 for the case of alkali atoms.Single-Step Excitation. Atoms are transferred directly from the ground state to the excited state using an allowed electric dipole transition. This means an S-P transition for an alkali atom.Multi-Step Excitation. Since tunable lasers have high output powers enabling the saturation of optical transitions, stepwise excitation via short-lived intermediate states is possible. A two-step process has been indicated in the figure. For an alkali atom this may mean S-P-D transitions. Stepwise excitations give access to states that cannot normally be reached.Multi-Photon Absorption. At high laser powers higher-order optical absorption processes become non-negligible. Thus, it becomes possible for an atom to simultaneously absorb two photons, thus bridging energy differences between two states without utilizing real intermediate states. The theory of two-photon absorption processes was presented by M. Goeppert-Mayer as early as 1931, but only in 1961。could such transitions be observed with lasers.

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