突觸結(jié)構(gòu)、組織及神經(jīng)藥理學(xué)

前言

什么是百科全書？這一名詞來自于兩個(gè)希臘單詞：enkuklios（意思是循環(huán)的）和paideia（意思是教育）。在16世紀(jì)早期，拉丁手稿的抄寫者們將這兩個(gè)單詞合而為一，其在英語中演化為一個(gè)單詞，意思是具有廣泛指導(dǎo)意義的工具書（The American Heritage Dictionary，2000，Boston：Houghton Mifflin，p.589）。從其來源可見，其希臘文原詞中蘊(yùn)含著以探索、綜合的方式努力獲取知識的含義。無論是拉丁文還是英文，該單詞泛指涵蓋廣泛領(lǐng)域知識的工具書。希臘文中強(qiáng)調(diào)的以創(chuàng)造性手段獲取知識，在神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域尤其適用。神經(jīng)科學(xué)本身就是一個(gè)非常新的名詞。Francis Schmitt在本書第一版的前言中指出，本書的編寫過程就是將不同領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家們聚集在一起，沖擊大腦研究中最頑固的難題。他推動(dòng)建立了神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目（Neuroscience Research。Program，簡稱NRP）。早期的NIRP成員包括一些學(xué)術(shù)巨匠，如因關(guān)于光合作用的研究獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的Melvin Calvin、諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者物理化學(xué)家Manfred：Eigen、生物化學(xué)家Alberc Lehninger，和當(dāng)時(shí)正在努力破解基因編碼的年輕分子生物學(xué)家Marshall Nirenberg。Schmitt建立NRP的時(shí)候，神經(jīng)科學(xué)作為一門綜合學(xué)科還幾乎不存在。微電極的發(fā)明使神經(jīng)生理學(xué)家們得以記錄單細(xì)胞的電活動(dòng)，但是幾乎不可能甄別其生物化學(xué)特性。一個(gè)重要的推進(jìn)來自20世紀(jì)60年代中期涌現(xiàn)的Falck-Hillarp熒光顯微鏡技術(shù)，它能夠選擇性地觀察兒茶酚胺和5.羥色胺能神經(jīng)元。這些胺類通路的研究又很快使得檢測選擇性損傷后效應(yīng)的行為學(xué)家們和生化學(xué)家們開始合作研究，使得后者的工作不再局限于在整個(gè)腦組織勻漿的水平研究神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)。20世紀(jì)70年代關(guān)于神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)受體的生化研究、它們位點(diǎn)的放射自顯影研究，以及神經(jīng)多肽的免疫組織化學(xué)研究，更是進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了神經(jīng)生理學(xué)家、神經(jīng)解剖學(xué)家、神經(jīng)化學(xué)家和神經(jīng)藥理學(xué)家們的對話。而過去兩個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)手段的應(yīng)用更加豐富了這一交流。

內(nèi)容概要

《神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書》原書篇幅巨大，為所有神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書之首。書中覆蓋了神經(jīng)科學(xué)全部主要領(lǐng)域，由來自世界各地的2400多位專家撰稿人合力打造。每個(gè)詞條在收入書中之前均經(jīng)過顧問委員會的同行評議，詞條中均含有詞匯表、引言、參考文獻(xiàn)和豐富的交叉參考內(nèi)容。其內(nèi)容平易而深度和廣度獨(dú)一無二。主編LarryR.Squire為美國神經(jīng)科學(xué)學(xué)會前主席，暢銷教科書《基礎(chǔ)神經(jīng)科學(xué)》(Fundamental Neuroscience)的策劃人與主編。

作者簡介

編者：（美國）斯奎爾（Larry R.Squire）

書籍目錄

神經(jīng)肌肉接頭與間隙連接Autonomic Neuroeffector JunctionBotulinum and Tetanus ToxinsComparative Biology of Invertebrate Neuromuscular JunctionsDevelopment of Drosophila Neuromuscular JunctionsGap Junction Abnormalities and Disorders of the Nervous SystemGap Junction CommunicationGap Junctions and Electrical SynapsesGap Junctions and Hemichannels in GliaGap Junctions and Neuronal OscillationsGap Junctions: Metabolic ExchangesMagnocellular Neurosecretory System: Organization, Plasticity, Model Peptidergic NeuronsNeuromuscular Connections: Vertebrate Patterns ofNeuromuscular Junction (NMJ): A Target for Natural and Environmental Toxins in HumansNeuromuscular Junction (NMJ): AcetylcholinesterasesNeuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Activity-Dependent Muscle Fiber ModulationNeuromuscular Junction (NMJ): AgingNeuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Inherited and Acquired DisordersNeuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Mammalian DevelopmentNeuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Postsynaptic Basal LaminaNeuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Postsynaptic Events in Neuromuscular TransmissionNeuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Presynaptic Non-Quantal Release of TransmitterNeuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Presynaptic Schwann Cells and Modulation of Neuromuscular TransmissionNeuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Presynaptic Short-Term Plasticity of Neuromuscular TransmissionNeuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Presynaptic Stretch Effects on Neuromuscular TransmissionNeuromuscular Junction Plasticity in Mammals and Botulinum ToxinsNeuromuscular Junction: Neuronal Regulation of Gene Transcription at the Vertebrate.Neuromuscular Junction: Synapse EliminationNeuromuscular Transmission Modulation at Invertebrate Neuromuscular JunctionsPresynaptic Events in Neuromuscular TransmissionPresynaptic: Mitochondria and Presynaptic FunctionSchwann Cells and Plasticity of the Neuromuscular Junction神經(jīng)藥理學(xué)AMPA Receptors: Molecular Biology and PharmacologyCognition: NeuropharmacologyDrug Addiction: Behavioral Pharmacology of Drug Addiction in RatsDrugs Addiction: ActionsExercise: Optimizing Function and Survival at the Cellular LevelMetabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs): Molecular Biology, Pharmacology and Cell BiologyNeuropeptide Receptors-Drug DevelopmentPharmacology of Sleep: Adenosine突觸結(jié)構(gòu)Active ZoneActivity,Dependent Remodeling of Presynaptic BoutonsAdenosine Receptor Mediated FunctionsCadherins and Synapse OrganizationCell Adhesion Molecules at SynapsesDendritic Spine HistoryEndocytic Traffic in SpinesEndocytosis and Presynaptic ScaffoldsEph Receptor Signaling and Spine MorphologyGlia and Synapse Formation: An OverviewGlutamate Receptor Organization: Ultrastructural InsightsLIM Kinase and Actin Regulation of SpinesNeural Cell Adhesion Molecules and Synapse RegulationPostsynaptic Density/Architecture at Excitatory SynapsesPostsynaptic Specialization AssemblyPresynaptic Development: Functional and Morphological Organization,Presynaptic EndosomesPresynaptic Receptor SignalingPresynaptic Regulation by LiprinsRho GTPases and SpinesRibbon SynapsesRNA Granules: Functions within Presynaptic Terminals and Postsynaptic SpinesSpine PlasticitySpines and Mental DisordersSynapsins and Regulation of the Reserve PoolSynaptic Capture and TaggingSynaptic Plasticity: Short-Term MechanismsTranslational Regulation at the SynapseUltrastructural Analysis of Spine PlasticityUltrastructural Organization of Release Sites in the Calyx of Held原書詞條中英對照表

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：The autonomic neuromuscular junction differs in sev-eral important respects from the better known skele-tal neuromuscular junction; it is not a synapse withthe well-defined prejunctional and postjunctionalspecializations established for the skeletal neuromus-cular synapse or ganglionic synapses. A model of theautonomic neuroeffector junction has been proposedon the basis of combined electrophysiologic, histo-chemical, and electron-microscopical studies. Theessential features of this model are that the terminalportions of autonomic nerve fibers are varicose,transmitters being released en passage from varicos-ities during conduction of an impulse, although excit-atory and inhibitory junction potentials are probablyelicited only at close junctions. Furthermore, theeffectors are muscle bundles rather than single smoothmuscle cells and are connected by low-resistancepathways （gap junctions） that allow electrotonicspread of activity within the effector bundle. Inblood vessels, the nerves are confined to the adventi-tial side of the media muscle coat, and this geometryappears to facilitate dual control of vascular smoothmuscle by perivascular nerves and by endothelialrelaxing and contracting factors. Neuroeffector junc-tions do not have a permanent geometry with post-junctional specializations, but rather the varicositiesare continuously moving, and their special relationwith muscle cell membranes changes with time,including dispersal and reformation of receptor clus-ters. For example, varicosity movement is likely tooccur in cerebral blood arteries, where there is acontinuously increasing density of sympathetic inner-vation during development and aging and in hyper-tensive vessels or those that have been stimulatedchronically in vivo, where there can be an increasein innervation density of up to threefold.

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