神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書(shū)4

前言

什么是百科全書(shū)？這一名詞來(lái)自于兩個(gè)希臘單詞：enkuklios（意思是循環(huán)的）和paideia（意思是教育）。在16世紀(jì)早期，拉丁手稿的抄寫(xiě)者們將這兩個(gè)單詞合而為一，其在英語(yǔ)中演化為一個(gè)單詞，意思是具有廣泛指導(dǎo)意義的工具書(shū)（The American Heritage Dictionary，2000，Boston：Houghton：Mifflin，p.589）。從其來(lái)源可見(jiàn)，其希臘文原詞中蘊(yùn)含著以探索、綜合的方式努力獲取知識(shí)的含義。無(wú)論是拉丁文還是英文，該單詞泛指涵蓋廣泛領(lǐng)域知識(shí)的工具書(shū)。希臘文中強(qiáng)調(diào)的以創(chuàng)造性手段獲取知識(shí)，在神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域尤其適用。神經(jīng)科學(xué)本身就是一個(gè)非常新的名詞。Francis Schmitt在本書(shū)第一版的前言中指出，本書(shū)的編寫(xiě)過(guò)程就是將不同領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家們聚集在一起，沖擊大腦研究中最頑固的難題。他推動(dòng)建立了神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目（Neuroscience Research Program，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)NRP）。早期的NRP成員包括一些學(xué)術(shù)巨匠，如因關(guān)于光合作用的研究獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的Melvin Calvin、諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者物理化學(xué)家Manfred Eigen、生物化學(xué)家Albert L,ehninger，和當(dāng)時(shí)正在努力破解基因編碼的年輕分子生物學(xué)家Marshall Nirenberg。Schmitt建立NRP的時(shí)候，神經(jīng)科學(xué)作為一門(mén)綜合學(xué)科還幾乎不存在。微電極的發(fā)明使神經(jīng)生理學(xué)家們得以記錄單細(xì)胞的電活動(dòng)，但是幾乎不可能甄別其生物化學(xué)特性。一個(gè)重要的推進(jìn)來(lái)自20世紀(jì)60年代中期涌現(xiàn)的Falck.Hillarp熒光顯微鏡技術(shù)，它能夠選擇性地觀察兒茶酚胺和5一羥色胺能神經(jīng)元。這些胺類(lèi)通路的研究又很快使得檢測(cè)選擇性損傷后效應(yīng)的行為學(xué)家們和生化學(xué)家們開(kāi)始合作研究，使得后者的工作不再局限于在整個(gè)腦組織勻漿的水平研究神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)。20世紀(jì)70年代關(guān)于神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)受體的生化研究、它們位點(diǎn)的放射自顯影研究，以及神經(jīng)多肽的免疫組織化學(xué)研究，更是進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了神經(jīng)生理學(xué)家、神經(jīng)解剖學(xué)家、神經(jīng)化學(xué)家和神經(jīng)藥理學(xué)家們的對(duì)話(huà)。而過(guò)去兩個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)手段的應(yīng)用更加豐富了這一交流。神經(jīng)科學(xué)的爆炸性發(fā)展也體現(xiàn)在神經(jīng)科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)（Society。for Neuroscience，SFN）的歷史上。SFN于1970年（譯者注：SFN網(wǎng)站中所寫(xiě)的時(shí)間為1969年）由幾百名研究人員在華盛頓特區(qū)

內(nèi)容概要

《神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書(shū)》原書(shū)篇幅巨大，為所有神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書(shū)之首。由來(lái)自世界各地的2400多位專(zhuān)家撰稿人合力打造，覆蓋了神經(jīng)科學(xué)全部主要領(lǐng)域。書(shū)中每個(gè)詞條在收入書(shū)中之前均經(jīng)過(guò)顧問(wèn)委員會(huì)的同行評(píng)議，詞條中均含有詞匯表、引言、參考文獻(xiàn)和豐富的交叉參考內(nèi)容。    主編為著名神經(jīng)科學(xué)家、美國(guó)神經(jīng)科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)前主席Larry R.Squire。    內(nèi)容平易，本科生即可讀懂。    深度和廣度獨(dú)一無(wú)二，足可滿(mǎn)足專(zhuān)家學(xué)者的需要。    導(dǎo)讀版精選原書(shū)中的部分主題，按內(nèi)容重新編排，更適合國(guó)內(nèi)讀者購(gòu)買(mǎi)和閱讀。

作者簡(jiǎn)介

編者：（美國(guó)）斯奎爾（Larry R.Squire）

書(shū)籍目錄

神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)與受體Astrocyte: Neurotransmitter and Hormone ReceptorsCotransmissionNeuropeptides and CoexistenceNeurotransmitter and Hormone Receptors on Oligodendrocytes and Schwann CellsNeurotransmitters and Growth Factors: OverviewNitric Oxide氨基酸與嘌呤AdenosineAdenosine Triphosphate (ATP)Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) as a NeurotransmitterAMPA Receptor Cell Biology/TraffickingAMPA Receptors: DiseaseAMPA Receptors: Molecular Biology and PharmacologyCalcium Waves: Purinergic RegulationD-Serine: From Its Synthesis in Giial Cell to Its Action on Synaptic Transmission and PlasticityGABA Synthesis and MetabolismGABAA Receptor Synaptic FunctionsGABAA Receptors and DiseaseGABAA Receptors: Developmental RolesGABAA Receptors: Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and PharmacologyGABAB Receptor FunctionGABAn Receptors: Molecular Biology and PharmacologyGamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)Glial Glutamate Transporters: ElectrophysiologyGlutamateGlutamate Receptor Clusters: Narp, EphB2 Receptor, StargazinGlutamate Receptor Organization: Ultrastructural InsightsGlutamate Regulation of Dendritic Spine Form and FunctionGlutamatergic and Gabaergic SystemsGlycine Receptors: Molecular and Cell BiologyHerbal Products and GABA ReceptorsKainate Receptor FunctionsKainate Receptors: Molecular and Cell BiologyLong-Term Depression (LTD): Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor (mGluR) and NMDAR-Dependent FormsLong-Term Potentiation (LTP): NMDA Receptor RoleLong-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression in Experience-Dependent PlasticityMetabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs): FunctionsMetabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs): Molecular Biology, Pharmacology and Cell BiologyNMDA Receptor Function and Physiological ModulationNMDA Receptors and DevelopmentNMDA Receptors and DiseaseNMDA Receptors, Cell Biology and TraffickingP2X ReceptorsPharmacology of Sleep: AdenosinePostsynaptic Density/Architecture at Excitatory SynapsesPurinergic ReceptorsPurines and Purinoceptors: Molecular Biology OverviewTransporter Proteins in Neurons and Glia胺與乙酰膽堿Acetylchollne Neurotransmission in CNSAcetylcholinesteraseAcetylchollnesterase Inhibitors and Alzheimer's DiseaseAdenosine Receptor Mediated FunctionsAdrenergic ReceptorsAmphetaminesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Methylphenidate (Ritalin) and DopamineAversive Emotions: Genetic Mechanisms of SerotoninBrain Adrenergic NeuronsCells: 5-Hydroxytryptamine ReceptorsCholinergic Neurotransmission in the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Nervous System.Chollnergic Pathways in CNSCholinergic SystemDopamineDopamine-CNS Pathways and NeurophysiologyDopamlne Control of ArousalDopanune in PerspectiveDopannne Neurons: Reward and UncertaintyDopannne Receptors and Antipsychotic Drugs in Health and DiseaseDopannne: Cellular ActionsDopaminergic Agonists and L-DOPAHistamine Receptors and their Ligands: Mechanisms and Applications3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy")Monoamine Transporters: Focus on the Regulation of Serotonin Transporter by CytokinesMonoaminesMonoamines: Human Brain ImagingMonoamines: Release StudiesMuscarinic Receptors: Autonomic NeuronsNeurolepticsNeutrotransmission and Neuromodulation: AcetylcholineNicotineNicotinic Aeetylcholine ReceptorsNicotinic Receptors: Autonomic NeuronsNoradrcnalineNorepinephrine: Adrenergic ReceptorsNorcpinephrine: CNS Pathways and NeurophysiologyOctopamine and Other Monoamines in InvertebratesSerotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT): Neurotransmissionand NeuromodulationSerotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT): CNS Pathways and NeurophysiologySerotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT): ReceptorsSerotonin and the Regulation of Mammalian Circadian RhythmsSerotonin-Related Psychedelic DrugsSleep-Wake State Regulation by AcetylcholineSympathomimetic Drugs and Adrenergic Receptor AntagonistsTrace Monoamines and Receptors in Mammalian CNS原書(shū)詞條中英對(duì)照表

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：For many years, the understanding of neurotransmis-sion has been dominated by the concept that oneneuron releases only a single transmitter, known as'Dale's Principle.' This idea arose from a widelyadopted misinterpretation of Dale's suggestion in1935 that the same neurotransmitter was stored inand released from all terminals of a single neuron, asuggestion which did not specifically preclude thepossibility that more than one transmitter may beassociated with the same neuron. Several lines of evi-dence emerged which were inconsistent with the sin-gle transmitter concept, and it is now known thatindividual neurons contain and can release a largenumber and variety of substances which are capableof influencing target cells. This phenomenon of'cotransmission' is widespread, involving virtuallyall known transmitter systems.  Early hints of cotransmission came in the 1950swith evidence for the involvement of both noradren-aline （NA） and acetylcholine （ACh） in sympathetictransmission. Koelle identified acetylcholinesterase insome adrenergic neurons in 1955, while Burn andRand introduced the concept of a 'cholinergic' linkin adrenergic transmission in 1959. Another line ofevidence provided by Hillarp concerned the coexis-tence of adenosine 5'-triphosphate （ATP） with cate-cholamines, first in adrenal chromaffin Cells and laterin sympathetic nerves. Inconsistencies in the singletransmitter hypothesis provided by these and otherstudies from the early literature were rationalized inan article by Burnstock in 1976 with the provocativetitle,"Do some nerve cells release more than one trans-mitter？" Today it is widely accepted that cotransmis-sion is an integral feature of neurotransmission.   A role for ATP as a cotransmitter in sympathetic,parasympathetic, sensory-motor, and enteric nonadre-nergic, noncholinergic （NANC） inhibitory nerves wassupported by research from Burnstock and colleagues,while H6kfelt and colleagues focused on the co-localization, vesicular storage, and release of peptidesfrom both peripheral and central nerves.

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