方法與技術(shù)（上）

前言

20世紀(jì)中葉以來，關(guān)于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的研究從以往生物與心理學(xué)研究的邊緣地位躍升，成為神經(jīng)科學(xué)這一交叉學(xué)科。這一新學(xué)科將生物化學(xué)、細(xì)胞生物學(xué)、解剖學(xué)、生理學(xué)、心理學(xué)、神經(jīng)病學(xué)、精神病學(xué)等具有不同背景的科學(xué)家與臨床醫(yī)生們聯(lián)系起來，研究令人激動的腦的秘密。他們專注于探索神經(jīng)元的功能機(jī)制。澄清行為與認(rèn)知的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)，了解神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病。1969年神經(jīng)科學(xué)學(xué)會的創(chuàng)建大大促進(jìn)了該學(xué)科的發(fā)展，如今該學(xué)會已經(jīng)擁有近37000名會員。第一個(gè)針對神經(jīng)科學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目建立于醫(yī)學(xué)院（1965年加州大學(xué)圣迭戈分校建立神經(jīng)科學(xué)系，1966年哈佛大學(xué)建立神經(jīng)生物學(xué)系）。第一個(gè)本科生培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目于1972年建立于.Amherst學(xué)院和Oberlin學(xué)院，后者培養(yǎng)了諾貝爾獎獲得者RogeiSperry和三位神經(jīng)科學(xué)會會長。時(shí)至今日，全世界已經(jīng)有超過300個(gè)神經(jīng)科學(xué)系或相應(yīng)的培養(yǎng)項(xiàng)目。

內(nèi)容概要

　　《神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書》原書篇幅巨大，為所有神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書之首。由來自世界各地的2400多位專家撰稿人合力打造，覆蓋了神經(jīng)科學(xué)全部主要領(lǐng)域。書中每個(gè)詞條在收入書中之前均經(jīng)過顧問委員會的同行評議，詞條中均含有詞匯表、引言、參考文獻(xiàn)和豐富的交叉參考內(nèi)容?！　≈骶帪橹窠?jīng)科學(xué)家、美國神經(jīng)科學(xué)學(xué)會前主席Larry R.Squire?！　?nèi)容平易，本科生即可讀懂。　　深度和廣度獨(dú)一無二，足可滿足專家學(xué)者的需要。　　導(dǎo)讀版精選原書中的部分主題，按內(nèi)容重新編排，更適合國內(nèi)讀者購買和閱讀。

作者簡介

編者：（美國）斯奎爾（Larry R.Squire）

書籍目錄

動物模型與方法Aging and Memory in AnimalsAging: Invertebrate Models of Normal Brain AgingAlzheimer's Disease: Transgenic Mouse ModelsAnimal Models of Alzheimer's DiseaseAnimal Models of AmnesiaAnimal Models of Huntington's DiseaseAnimal Models of Inherited Retinal DegenerationsAnimal Models of Motor and Sensory Neuron DiseaseAnimal Models of Parkinson's Disease生物化學(xué)、細(xì)胞與分子生物學(xué)Animal Models of StrokeBAC Transgenesis: Cell-Type Specific Expression in the Nervous SystemDrosophila Apterous Neurons: From Stem Cell to Unique NeuronDrug Addiction: Behavioral Pharmacology of Drug Addiction in RatsEpisodic Memory: Assessment in AnimalsExecutive Function and Higher-Order Cognition: Assessment in AnimalsInherited Macular Degenerations: Animal ModelsInvertebrate Models to Study Learning and Memory: LymnaeaLearning and Memory in Invertebrate Models: TritoniaLearning and Memory in Invertebrates: AplysiaLearning and Memory m Invertebrates: C-ElegansLearning and Memory m Invertebrates: DrosophilaLearning and Memory m Invertebrates: HermissendaLearning and Memory m Invertebrates: Honey BeeLearning and Memory m Invertebrates: LimaxLearning and Memory in Invertebrates: MollusksMammalian Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: FliesNeural Induction in ChicksNon-Primate Models of Normal Brain AgingProcedural Learning in AnimalsRodent AgingSpatial Memory: Assessment in AnimalsTransgenic Models of Neurodegenerative DiseaseVeloeiGene and VelociMouse: High-Throughput Approaches for Generating TargetedMutations in Mice on a Genome-Wide ScaleAtomic Force Microscopy MethodologiesBAC Use in the Study of the CNSCell Culture: Autonomic and Enteric NeuronsCell Culture: Primary Neural CellsCellular Dynamics Revealed by Digital Holographic MicroscopyChromaffin Cells: Model Cells for Neuronal Cell BiologyDecoding Neuron Transcriptome by SAGEEngineering Viruses for CNS studiesFluorescence Microscopy in the NeurosciencesFluorescent Biomarkers in NeuronsGlial Ion Homeostasis: A Fluorescence Microscopy ApproachImaging Studies Using Reporter-Gene Transgenic RatsMass Spectroscopy of ProteinsMemory: Genetic ApproachesMicroarray use for the Analysis of the CNSMicroglia Identification MethodsMonoamines: Release Studies  ..  .Neurophysiology: Past and PresentNeuroproteomicsNucleic Acid Introduction into Primary Neurons and GliaOligodendrocyte and Schwann Cell Identification MethodsOptical Monitoring of Exo- and EndocytosisPhotolysis of Caged Glutamate for Use in the CNSRNA Binding Protein MethodsRodent Behavior: ApproachesSingle Cell ElectroporationSingle Cell Genomic DNAAnalysisSingle Cell Molecular Analysis ProceduresSingle Cell PCR Coupled with ElectrophysiologySingle-Nucleotide Polymorphism （SNP） AnalysissiRNA: UtilitySynaptosomesUltrastructural Analysis of Spine PlasticityViral Vectors in the CNS其他系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)科學(xué)方法Connectionist ModelsDeep Brain StimulationNeuroanatomy Methods in Humans and AnimalsNeuroinformaticsStatistical Tests and Inferences原書詞條中英對照表

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：Protein chromophores that can be activated to initiatefluorescence emission from a quiescent state （a pro-cess known as photoactivation） or that are capable ofbeing optically converted from one fluorescence emis-sion bandwidth to another （photoconversion） repre-sent perhaps the most promising approach to thein vivo investigation of protein lifetimes, transport,and turnover rates in neurons. Appropriately termedmolecular or optical highlighters, photoactivatedfluorescent proteins generally display little or no ini-tial fluorescence under excitation at the imagingwavelength, but dramatically increase their fluores-cence intensity after activation by irradiation at adifferent （usually lower） wavelength. Photoconver-sion optical highlighters, on the other hand, undergoa change in the fluorescence emission bandwidth pro-file on optically induced changes to the chromophore.These effects result in the direct and controlled high-lighting of distinct molecular pools within the cell.  The ability to selectively initiate or alter fluores-cence emission profiles in photoconversion opticalhighlighter proteins renders these probes excellenttools for exploring protein behavior in living cells.Because the fluorescence intensity （or color spectrum）of highlighters occurs only after photon-mediatedconversion, newly synthesized non-photo-activatedprotein pools remain unobserved and do not com-plicate experimental results. This signal indepen-dence from new protein synthesis could potentiallyenable the study of protein degradation kinetics intagged molecules by techniques such as optical pulselabeling and monitoring of the fluorescence overtime. Additional quantitative techniques, includingfluorescence-correlation spectroscopy, should proveuseful in measuring the mobility of photoactivatedoptical highlighters in small numbers, even down tothe single-molecule level.

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