方法與技術（下）

前言

什么是百科全書？這一名詞來自于兩個希臘單詞：enkuklios（意思是循環(huán)的）和paideia（意思是教育）。在16世紀早期，拉丁手稿的抄寫者們將這兩個單詞合而為一，其在英語中演化為一個單詞，意思是具有廣泛指導意義的工具書（The American Heritage Dictionary，2000，Boston：Houghton Mifflin，p.589）。從其來源可見，其希臘文原詞中蘊含著以探索、綜合的方式努力獲取知識的含義。無論是拉丁文還是英文，該單詞泛指涵蓋廣泛領域知識的工具書。希臘文中強調的以創(chuàng)造性手段獲取知識，在神經(jīng)科學領域尤其適用。神經(jīng)科學本身就是一個非常新的名詞。Francis Schmitt在本書第一版的前言中指出，本書的編寫過程就是將不同領域的科學家們聚集在一起，沖擊大腦研究中最頑固的難題。他推動建立了神經(jīng)科學研究項目（Neuroscience Research。Program，簡稱NRP）。早期的NIRP成員包括一些學術巨匠，如因關于光合作用的研究獲得諾貝爾獎的Melvin Calvin、諾貝爾獎獲得者物理化學家Manfred：Eigen、生物化學家Alberc Lehninger，和當時正在努力破解基因編碼的年輕分子生物學家Marshall Nirenberg。Schmitt建立NRP的時候，神經(jīng)科學作為一門綜合學科還幾乎不存在。微電極的發(fā)明使神經(jīng)生理學家們得以記錄單細胞的電活動，但是幾乎不可能甄別其生物化學特性。一個重要的推進來自20世紀60年代中期涌現(xiàn)的Falck-Hillarp熒光顯微鏡技術，它能夠選擇性地觀察兒茶酚胺和5.羥色胺能神經(jīng)元。這些胺類通路的研究又很快使得檢測選擇性損傷后效應的行為學家們和生化學家們開始合作研究，使得后者的工作不再局限于在整個腦組織勻漿的水平研究神經(jīng)遞質。20世紀70年代關于神經(jīng)遞質受體的生化研究、它們位點的放射自顯影研究，以及神經(jīng)多肽的免疫組織化學研究，更是進一步促進了神經(jīng)生理學家、神經(jīng)解剖學家、神經(jīng)化學家和神經(jīng)藥理學家們的對話。而過去兩個世紀以來，分子生物學技術手段的應用更加豐富了這一交流。

內(nèi)容概要

《神經(jīng)科學百科全書》旨在將本學科豐富多元的內(nèi)容條理化并仔細介紹，從而推動不同學術分支之間的溝通，提供權威的信息來源。該書面向較為廣泛的讀者群體，既包括初入神經(jīng)科學研究的學生，也包括尋求特定專題知識的普通讀者。無論是神經(jīng)科學家，還是正在學習神經(jīng)科學的本科生和研究生，或生命科學領域的教師、科普作家，都會從該參考書中獲益。

作者簡介

編者：（美國）斯奎爾（Larry R.Squire）

書籍目錄

電生理學方法  Aging: Brain Potential Measures and Reaction Time Studies  Auditory Evoked Potentials  Deep Brain Stimulation  Electroencephalography (EEG)  Electrolocation  Electromyography (EMG) and Nerve Conduction Studies  Electrophysiology: EEG and ERPAnalysis  Electroretinography  Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)  Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) and Cognitive Processing  Evoked Potentials: Clinical  Evoked Potentials: Recording Methods  Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition: EEG Studies  Glial Glutamate Transporters: Electrophysiology  Human Depth Electrodes  Magnetoencephalography  Neuropeptides: Electrophysiology  Neurophysiology: Past and Present  Single Cell PCR Coupled with Electrophysiology  Sleep Oscillations人類實驗方法  Cognitive Neuroscience: An Overview  Dichotic Listening Studies of Brain Asymmetry  Eye Tracking and Mental Illness  Human Methods: Psychophysics  Motor Psychophysics  Neuroethics  Neuropsychological Testing  Neuropsychology: Theoretical Basis  Phrenology  Psycholinguistics  Psychophysics of Attention  Saccades and Visual Search  Task Switching  Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation成像技術  Alzheimer's Disease: MRI Studies  Atomic Force Microscopy Methodologies  Awareness: Functional Imaging  Brain Injury: Magnetic Resonance Studies of Metabolic Aspects  Cellular Dynamics Revealed by Digital Holographic Microscopy  Cholinergic System Imaging in the Healthy Aging Process and Alzheimer Disease  Cognition: An Overview of Neuroimaging Techniques  Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)  Drug Addiction: Neuroimaging  Emotion: Neuroimaging  Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition: Neuroimaging  fMRI: BOLD Contrast  .  Functional Connectivity  Functional Imaging of the Motor System  Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Aging  Glial Energy Metabolism: A NMR Spectroscopy Perspective  Imaging Studies Using Reporter-Gene Transgenic Rats  Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy  Mass Spectroscopy of Proteins  Monoamines: Human Brain Imaging  Neuroimaging  Nutrition  Optical Imaging of Intrinsic Signals  Optical Monitoring of Exo- and Endocytosis  Pain: Neuroimaging  Perfusion MRI  Positron Emission Tomography (PET)  Prediction Errors in Neural Processing: Imaging in Humans  Reward Processing: Human Imaging  Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)  Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT):Technique  Social Emotion: Neuroimaging  Two-Photon Imaging  Visual Cortex: Mapping of Functional Architecture Using Optical Imaging ..  Voxel Based Morphometry原書詞條中英對照表

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：Normal aging affects brain functions in a variety ofways. Some regions, such as prefrontal cortex, medialtemporal lobe, and neuromodulatory systems （cholin-ergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic）, show markedage-related changes, whereas other regions, such asprimary sensory and motor regions, show compara-tively little change during normal aging. Age-relatedchanges in memory function are also selective, whichis related to regional differences in the impact of brainaging. In general, age-related declines are most evi-dent in certain types of explicit memory tasks thatrequire conscious retrieval of remembered informa-tion, but they are small or absent for many implicitmemory tasks. For example, episodic memory is onetype of explicit memory, and it is defined as memoryfor specific events and their context, such as remem-bering what one did last weekend. In contrast,implicit memory can be expressed even if a persondoes not consciously remember a specific learningepisode or cannot articulate what was learned. Anexample of implicit memory is the gradual develop-ment of proficiency in various kinds of motor skills,such as riding a bicycle. Because the adverse effects ofaging are most evident for explicit memory, this arti-cle focuses on event-related potential （ERP） and elec-troencephalogram （EEG） findings while subjectsperform explicit memory tasks. For most studies ofhuman aging, the comparison group of young sub-jects consists of young adult college students, typi-cally between the ages of 18 and 25 years. Dependingon the study, older subjects can range in age from the60s, termed 'young-old,' to older than 90years,termed the 'oldest-old.'

編輯推薦

《神經(jīng)科學百科全書6:方法與技術(下)(影印版·導讀版)》：《神經(jīng)科學百科全書》原書篇幅巨大，為所有神經(jīng)科學百科全書之首。由來自世界各地的2400多位專家撰稿人合力打造，覆蓋了神經(jīng)科學全部主要領域。書中每個詞條在收入書中之前均經(jīng)過顧問委員會的同行評議。詞條中均含有詞匯表、引言、參考文獻和豐富的交叉參考內(nèi)容。主編為著名神經(jīng)科學家、美國神經(jīng)科學學會前主席Larry R.Squire。內(nèi)容平易，本科生即可讀懂。深度和廣度獨一無二，足可滿足專家學者的需要。導讀版精選原書中的部分主題，按內(nèi)容重新編排，更適合國內(nèi)讀者購買和閱讀。

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