意識與情緒

前言

什么是百科全書？這一名詞來自于兩個(gè)希臘單詞：enkuklios（意思是循環(huán)的）和paideia（意思是教育）。在16世紀(jì)早期，拉丁手稿的抄寫者們將這兩個(gè)單詞合而為一，其在英語中演化為一個(gè)單詞，意思是具有廣泛指導(dǎo)意義的工具書（The American.Heritage Dictionary，2000，Boston：Houghton Mifllin，p.589）。從其來源可見，其希臘文原詞中蘊(yùn)含著以探索、綜合的方式努力獲取知識的含義。無論是拉丁文還是英文，該單詞泛指涵蓋廣泛領(lǐng)域知識的工具書。希臘文中強(qiáng)調(diào)的以創(chuàng)造性手段獲取知識，在神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域尤其適用。神經(jīng)科學(xué)本身就是一個(gè)非常新的名詞。Francis Schmitt在本書第一版的前言中指出，本書的編寫過程就是將不同領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家們聚集在一起，沖擊大腦研究中最頑固的難題。他推動(dòng)建立了神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目（Neuroscience Research Program，簡稱NRP）。早期的NRP成員包括一些學(xué)術(shù)巨匠，如因關(guān)于光合作用的研究獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的Melvin Calvin、諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者物理化學(xué)家Manfred Eigen、生物化學(xué)家Albert Lehninger，和當(dāng)時(shí)正在努力破解基因編碼的年輕分子生物學(xué)家：MarshallNirenberg。

內(nèi)容概要

《神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書》原書篇幅巨大，為所有神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書之首。由來自世界各地的2400多位專家撰稿人合力打造，覆蓋了神經(jīng)科學(xué)全部主要領(lǐng)域。每個(gè)詞條在收入書中之前均經(jīng)過顧問委員會(huì)的同行評議，詞條中均含有詞匯表、引言、參考文獻(xiàn)和豐富的交叉參考內(nèi)容。    主編為著名神經(jīng)科學(xué)家、美國神經(jīng)科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)前主席LarryR.Squire。內(nèi)容平易，本科生即可讀懂。深度和廣度獨(dú)一無二，足可滿足專家學(xué)者的需要。導(dǎo)讀版精選原書中的部分主題，按內(nèi)容重新編排，更適合國內(nèi)讀者購買和閱讀。

作者簡介

作者：（美國）斯奎爾（Larry R.Squire）

書籍目錄

意識  Awareness:Functional Imaging  Blindsight:Residual Vision  Cognition:Neuropharmacology  Coma  Coma and Other Pathological Disorders of Consciousness  Consciousness:Neural Basis of Conscious Experience  Consciousness:Neurophysiology and Visual Awareness in  Consciousness:Philosophy  Consciousness:Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience  Consciousness:Theories and Models  The AIM Model of Dreaming,Sleeping,and Waking Consciousness  Vegetative State情緒：概述  Depression and the Brain  Emotion in Speech  Emotion Systems and the Brain  Emotion:Computational Modeling  Emotional Control of the Autonomic Nervous System  Nightmares  Sexual Behavior:Neuroendocrine Control情緒：厭惡  Amygdala:Contributions to Fear  Aversive Emotions:Genetic Mechanisms of Serotonin  Aversive Emotions:Molecular Basis of Unconditioned Fear  Emotion:Neuroimaging  Fear Conditioning and Synaptic Plasticity  Genetics of Human Anxiety and Its Disorders  Learned Flavor Aversions and Preferences  Panic Disorder  Pharmacology of Fear Extinction  Phobia and Human Evolution  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as an Emotional'Disorder認(rèn)知與情緒  Appetitive Systems:Amygdala and Striatum  Emotion and Vigilance  Emotional Hormones and Memory Modulation  Emotional Influences on Memory and Attention  Social Interaction Effects on Reward and Cognitive Abilities in Monkeys情緒：社會(huì)  Aggression:Hormonal Basis  Aggression:Neurochemical and Molecular Mechanisms  Emotional Learning in Humans  Neuroendocrinology of Social/Affiliative Behavior  Pheromones in Humans and Social Chemosignals  Social Brain:Evolution  Social Emotion:Neuroimaging  Social Interaction獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)與獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)系統(tǒng)  Addiction:Neurobiological Mechanism  Connectivity of Primate Reward Centers  Cortical Processing of the Reward Value of Food  Dopamine: Cellular Actions  Drug Addiction:Behavioral Neurophysiology  Drug Addiction:Behavioral Pharmacology of Drug Addiction in Rats  Drug Addiction:Cellular Mechanisms  Drug Addiction:Neuroimaging  Drugs Addiction :Actions  Electrical Serf-Stimulation  Energy Homeostasis:Endocannabinoid System  Goal-Directed Behavior Theories  3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine(MDMA, "Ecstasy")  Neuropsychology of Primate Reward Processes  Prefrontal Contributions to Reward Encoding  Psychopharmacology of Reward and Appetite in Rats  Representation of Reward  Reward and Learning  Reward Decision-Making  Reward Neurophysiology and Orbitofrontal Cortex  Reward Neurophysiology and Primate Cerebral Cortex  Reward Processing:Human Imaging  Reward Systems:Human  Serotonin-Related Psychedelic Drugs  Substance.Abuse and Dependence  Transcription and Reward Systems壓力與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)  Adrenal Steroids:Biphasic Effects on Neurons  Chronic(Repeated)Stress:Consequences,Adaptations  Circumventricular Organs in Neuroendocrine Control  Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone:Integration of Adaptive Responses to Stress  Diabetes Type 2 and Stress:Impact on Memory and the Hippocampus  Gene Therapy and Protection from Stress-Induced Brain Damage  Mother-Infant Interaction in the Variable Foraging Demand Model  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder:Overview  Social Stress in Adult Primates  Stress and Cognition  Stress and Neural Involvement in Metabolism  Stress and Neuronal Plasticity  Stress and Parasympathetic Control  Stress and Suicide  Stress and Vulnerability to Brain Damage  Stress Response and Self-Esteem  Stress Response:Genetic Consequences  Stress Response:Neural and Feedback Regulation of the HPA Axis  Stress Response:Sex Differences  Stress,Cytokines and Depressive Illness  Stress,Dopamine,and Puberty  Stress,Sex and Adolescent Nicotine Response  Stress,the HPA Axis and Depressive Illness  Stress:Definition and History  Stress:Homeostasis,Rheostasis, Allostasis and Allostatic Load  Sympathetic Noradrenergic and Adrenomedullary Hormonal Systems in Stress and Distress  Sympathoadrenal System:Neural Arm of the Stress Response  TIP39(Tuberoinfundibular Peptide of 39 Residues)原書詞條中英對照表

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：Although most studies examining emotional arousalor stress effects on memory consolidation investigatedthe effects of adrenal stress hormones, emotional arous-al is known to induce the release of a variety of neuro-modulatory hormones within the brain, includingopioid peptides, r-aminobutyric acid （GABA）, vaso-pressin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone （ACTH）.Importantly, many findings have shown that intra-BLA infusions of drugs that either mimic or block theaction of these transmitter systems enhance or impairmemory for emotionally arousing training. Moreover,disruption of BLA activity prevents these drugs frominfluencing memory consolidation. One transmittersystem that is of particular interest is CRH. CRH is aneuropeptide that is released by emotional arousal intothe hypothalamus and plays a crucial role in regulatingactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocorticalaxis and circulating glucocorticoid levels. However,CRH is also released in extra-hypothalamic sites, in-cluding the amygdala as well as several other brainregions, in response to arousing or stressful stimula-tion. Blockade of endogenous CRH in the BLA withinfusions of a CRH receptor antagonist impairs mem-ory for emotionally arousing training, whereas infu-sions of CRH dose-dependently enhance memoryconsolidation. Furthermore, CRH is known also tointeract with noradrenergic mechanisms in the BLA ininfluencing memory consolidation. Thus, this evidenceindicates that BLA activation by emotional arousal isa general gateway in mediating stress hormone andneurotransmitter effects on memory consolidation.

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