學(xué)習(xí)與記憶

前言

什么是百科全書？這一名詞來(lái)自于兩個(gè)希臘單詞：enkuMios（意思是循環(huán)的）和paideia（意思是教育）。在16世紀(jì)早期，拉丁手稿的抄寫者們將這兩個(gè)單詞合而為一，其在英語(yǔ)中演化為一個(gè)單詞，意思是具有廣泛指導(dǎo)意義的工具書（The American Heritage Dictionary，2000，Boston：Houghton Mifflin，p.589）。從其來(lái)源可見(jiàn)，其希臘文原詞中蘊(yùn)含著以探索、綜合的方式努力獲取知識(shí)的含義。無(wú)論是拉丁文還是英文，該單詞泛指涵蓋廣泛領(lǐng)域知識(shí)的工具書。希臘文中強(qiáng)調(diào)的以創(chuàng)造性手段獲取知識(shí)，在神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域尤其適用。神經(jīng)科學(xué)本身就是一個(gè)非常新的名詞。Francis Schmitt在本書第一版的前言中指出，本書的編寫過(guò)程就是將不同領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家們聚集在一起，沖擊大腦研究中最頑固的難題。他推動(dòng)建立了神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目（Neuroscience Research Program，簡(jiǎn)稱NRP）。早期的NRP成員包括一些學(xué)術(shù)巨匠，如因關(guān)于光合作用的研究獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的Melvin Calvin、諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者物理化學(xué)家Manfred.Eigen、生物化學(xué)家Albert Lehninger，和當(dāng)時(shí)正在努力破解基因編碼的年輕分子生物學(xué)家MarshallNirenberg。

內(nèi)容概要

《神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書》原書篇幅巨大，為所有神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書之首。書中覆蓋了神經(jīng)科學(xué)全部主要領(lǐng)域，由來(lái)自世界各地的2400多位專家撰稿人合力打造。每個(gè)詞條在收入書中之前均經(jīng)過(guò)顧問(wèn)委員會(huì)的同行評(píng)議，詞條中均含有詞匯表、引言、參考文獻(xiàn)和豐富的交叉參考內(nèi)容。其內(nèi)容平易而深度和廣度獨(dú)一無(wú)二。主編Larry R.Squire為美國(guó)神經(jīng)科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)前主席，暢銷教科書《基礎(chǔ)神經(jīng)科學(xué)》(Fundamental Neuroscience)的策劃人與主編。

作者簡(jiǎn)介

作者：（美國(guó)）斯奎爾（Larry R.Squire）

書籍目錄

動(dòng)物模型  Aging and Memory in Animals  Animal Models of Amnesia  Invertebrate Models to Study Learning and Memory:Lymnaea  Learning and Memory m Invertebrate Models: Tritonia  Learmng and Memory m Invertebrates: Aplysia  Learning and Memory in Invertebrates: C. Elegans  Learnmg and Memory m Invertebrates: Drosophila  Learning and Memory in Invertebrates: Hermissenda  Learning and Memory m Invertebrates: Honey Bee  Learning and Memory in Invertebrates: Limax  Learning and Memory m Invertebrates: Mollusks  Procedural Learning in Animals突觸可塑性與神經(jīng)可塑性  Adult Cortical Plasticity  BDNF in Synaptic Plasticity and Memory  Calcium-Caimodulin Kinase II (CaMKII) in Learning and Memory  Cortical Plasticity and Learning: Mechanisms and Models  Cyclic AMP (cAMP) Role in Learning and Memory  Cytoskeleton in Plasticity  Endocannabinoid Role in Synaptic Plasticity and Learning  Extracellular Matrix Molecules: Synaptic Plasticity and Learning  Fear Conditioning and Synaptic Plasticity  Fragile X Syndrome  GABAA Receptor Synaptic Functions  Hebbian Plasticity  Long-Term Depression (LTD): Endocannabinoids and Cerebellar LTD  Long-Term Depression (LTD): Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor(mGluR) and NMDAR-Dependent Forms  Long-Term Depression: Cerebellum  Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)  Long-Term Potentiation (LTP): Mossy Fiber cAMP-Dependent Presynaptic LTP  Long-Term Potentiation (LTP): NMDA Receptor Role  Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression in Experience-Dependent Plasticity.  MAP Kinase Signaling in Learning and Memory  Metaplasticity  Neuroplasticity: Computational Approaches  Pain and Plasticity  Plasticity of Intrinsic Excitability  Plasticity, and Activity-Dependent Regulation of Gene Expression  Post-Tetanic Potentiation (PTP)  Presynaptic Facilitation  Presynaptic Inhibition  Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP)  Stress and Neuronal Plasticity  Synaptic Capture and Tagging  Synaptic Depression  Synaptic Mechanisms of Learning  Synaptic Plasticity and Place Cell Formation  Synaptic Plasticity: Cerebellum  Synaptic Plasticity: Diacylglycerol Signalling Role  Synaptic Plasticity: Learning and Memory in Normal Aging  Synaptic Plasticity: Neuronogenesis and Stem Cells in Normal Brain Aging  Synaptic Plasticity: Short-Term Mechanisms  Transcription Factors in Synaptic Plasticity and Learning and Memory  Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Plasticity學(xué)習(xí)與記憶的系統(tǒng)和機(jī)制  Aging and Memory in Humans  Aging: Brain Potential Measures and Reaction Time Studies  Amnesia: Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory  Attentional Functions in Learning and Memory  Basal Forebrain and Memory  Birdsong Learning  Birdsong Learning: Evolutionary, Behavioral, and Hormonal Issues  Birdsong: The Neurobiology of Avian Vocal Learning  Conditioned Reflex  Conditioned Taste Aversion  Conditioning: Simple Neural Circuits in the Honeybee  Conditioning: Theories  Declarative Memory System: Anatomy  Emotional Hormones and Memory Modulation  Emotional Influences on Memory and Attention  Emotional Learning in Humans  Episodic Memory  Episodic Memory: Assessment in Animals  Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)  Eyeblink Conditioning  Functional Amnesia  Hippocampus and Neural Representations  Hippocampus: Computational Models  Hormones and Memory  Humans  Learned Flavor Aversions and Preferences  Learning, Action, Inference and Neuromodulation  Memory Consolidation: Cerebral Cortex  Memory Consolidation: Systems  Memory Disorders  Memory Representation  Memory: Computational Models  Memory: Genetic Approaches  Motor Autonomic Transmission  Motor Skill Learning  Multiple Memory Systems  Operant Conditioning of Reflexes  Perceptual Learning and Sensory Plasticity  Perceptual Learning: Neural Mechanisms  Pharmacology of Fear Extinction  Prediction Errors in Neural Processing: Imaging in Humans  Priming  Procedural Learning in Humans  Procedural Learning: Cerebellum Models  Procedural Learning: Classical Conditioning  Procedural Learning: Striatum  Recognition Memory  Reinforcement Models  Respiration  Reward and Learning  Semantic Memory  Short Term and Working Memory  Sleep-Dependent Memory Processing  Spatial Memory: Assessment in Animals  Statistical Learning of Language  Strategic Control of Memory  Visual Associative Memory  Working Memory: Capacity Limitations原書詞條中英對(duì)照表

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：Another training parameter that affects memory induction is neuronal activity. In the sensitization experiments described above, one site on the tail is used to test the reflex, and shock is applied to another site; thus the sensory neurons （SNs） at the test site do not fire during the tail shock. This form of sensitiza-tion is termed 'repeated-trial' （RT） sensitization.However, the shock site itself also shows sensitiza-tion, and this 'site-specific' sensitization differs fromRT sensitization in that ITM induction requires only asingle shock.   Related to the relationship between trial numberand pattern is the question of how a prior learningexperience influences later training. Recently, twoforms of latent learning have been described in theT-SWR. Latent learning is a phenomenon in whichlearning-related changes occur, but these changesare subthreshold for detection by memory tests. Thepresence of latent learning is typically revealed as afacilitation of subsequent memory formation, oftencalled savings. In one study, LTM was induced andthen allowed to decay. After the T-SWR returned tobaseline （the memory was 'forgotten'）, animals weregiven stimulation that typically produces no learning.In previously trained animals, this stimulus patterninduced both ITM and LTM. In the second study,LTM was induced ipsilaterally, after which, animalswere given a brief shock that is below threshold forinduction of sensitization in otherwise untrained ani-mals. This stimulus, given to the contralateral side,induced sensitization in previously trained animals.

編輯推薦

《神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書13?學(xué)習(xí)與記憶(導(dǎo)讀版)》主編為著名神經(jīng)科學(xué)家、美國(guó)神經(jīng)科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)前主席Larry R.Squire。內(nèi)容平易，本科生即可讀懂。深度和廣度獨(dú)一無(wú)二，足可滿足專家學(xué)者的需要。導(dǎo)讀版精選原書中的部分主題，按內(nèi)容重新編排，更適合國(guó)內(nèi)讀者購(gòu)買和閱讀。

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