漢語名詞動(dòng)用中的句法機(jī)制研究

出版時(shí)間:2010-7  出版社:科學(xué)出版社  作者:程杰  頁數(shù):337  

前言

  中國人重視事物的功能勝過重視事物的形式。舉個(gè)例子,中國人管所有能載會(huì)跑的交通工具叫“車”,如火車、卡車、轎車、三輪車、自行車、手推車等。西方人則不同,他們更注重事物的形式,中國人眼中的各種“車”在他們看來差別非常大,分別被叫做train、truck、car、tricycle、bike、cart等。顯然,中國人喜歡根據(jù)事物的功能來給事物命名,西方人傾向于根據(jù)事物的形式給事物命名。有一外星人造訪地球,功能至上的中國人最可能問的第一個(gè)問題是“它是干什么的”,崇尚形式的西方人最可能問的第一個(gè)問題是“它是什么樣的”。接下去,中國人的第二個(gè)問題最有可能是“怎樣用它干點(diǎn)什么”,西方人的第二個(gè)問題最有可能是“它為什么長這樣”。再下去,中國人會(huì)想方設(shè)法把它派上用場,管它長什么樣呢;而西方人會(huì)死鉆牛角尖,非搞清楚它的來龍去脈不可,并創(chuàng)立一門新的學(xué)問,叫“外星人形態(tài)學(xué)”?! ≈形鞣竭@種認(rèn)知傾向上的差異也反映在對人類語言的態(tài)度和研究上。在古代,中國人考字訓(xùn)詁,說文解字,被視為“小學(xué)”,研讀諸子百家的學(xué)說典籍才算“大學(xué)”?!靶W(xué)”為“大學(xué)”服務(wù),是應(yīng)用而生的,具有功利色彩?!靶W(xué)”是中國從先秦到清朝的整個(gè)封建時(shí)代主要的以語言為對象的學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng),勉強(qiáng)算得上“語文學(xué)”,還不是真正意義上的“語言學(xué)”。而在同一時(shí)期,西方人基于古希臘語和拉丁語創(chuàng)立了語法學(xué),熱衷于對語言的形式和結(jié)構(gòu)“說三道四”;19世紀(jì)興起的歷史比較語言學(xué)也是根據(jù)語言的形式和結(jié)構(gòu)對亞歐廣大地理范圍內(nèi)的多種語言進(jìn)行歷時(shí)和共時(shí)的比較研究。西方人關(guān)注語言的形式和結(jié)構(gòu),功利性不強(qiáng),更有“為學(xué)術(shù)而學(xué)術(shù)”的味道。到了20世紀(jì),現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)隨著索緒爾的《普通語言學(xué)》的出版而誕生。短短幾十年中,西方的語言學(xué)研究流派紛呈,有社會(huì)學(xué)視角的、人類學(xué)視角的、心理學(xué)視角的、功能主義視角的、形式主義視角的等??墒菑?0年代起,隨著喬姆斯基的生成語法理論的問世,形式主義的語言學(xué)研究成了西方語言學(xué)研究的主流,這一傳統(tǒng)一直延續(xù)到今天?,F(xiàn)代語言學(xué)比較系統(tǒng)地被引進(jìn)中國主要是改革開放以后。

內(nèi)容概要

漢語名源動(dòng)詞可以從“構(gòu)詞—句法”的角度得到合理的分析,該分析選取的理論框架包括一條顯性的句法操作和兩種輕語類。前者是指動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)語并移,即動(dòng)詞中心語移位時(shí),可能連帶其補(bǔ)語中除指示語外的部分并移;該操作作為一種選擇性的動(dòng)詞移位方式,在一定的允準(zhǔn)條件下發(fā)生,得到廣泛的經(jīng)驗(yàn)支持。后者包括元?jiǎng)釉~和虛介詞。元?jiǎng)釉~獨(dú)立于核心功能語類口和助動(dòng)詞,和普通實(shí)義動(dòng)詞同屬詞匯語類V;虛介詞是一種連接不及物動(dòng)詞與其后名詞性成分的語類。    根據(jù)Vendler(1967)的事態(tài)類型,漢語名源動(dòng)詞可分為狀態(tài)類、成就類、完成類和活動(dòng)類四種,每一類名源動(dòng)詞都通過動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)語并移這一顯性句法操作而生成,該操作涉及一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上處于動(dòng)詞中心語位置V的元?jiǎng)釉~和動(dòng)詞短語VP的補(bǔ)語位置上以一個(gè)虛介詞為中心語和源名詞為補(bǔ)語的介詞短語PP。四類名源動(dòng)詞的推導(dǎo)所涉及的元?jiǎng)釉~的種類和數(shù)量有所不同,但推導(dǎo)所依賴的句法結(jié)構(gòu)和句法操作是一樣的。基于輕語類的動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)語并移對漢語中的名詞動(dòng)詞化現(xiàn)象提供了簡潔、統(tǒng)一和系統(tǒng)的解釋。    漢語名源動(dòng)詞的句法推導(dǎo)為以下相關(guān)現(xiàn)象提供了解釋:①狀態(tài)/成就類名源動(dòng)詞與完成/活動(dòng)類名源動(dòng)詞在數(shù)量上的不對稱以及名詞和形容詞在動(dòng)詞化方面的語類不對稱;②名源動(dòng)詞的體態(tài)變化的模式;③完成類動(dòng)詞在漢語中的存在;④元?jiǎng)釉~對名源動(dòng)詞體態(tài)的決定作用;⑤名源動(dòng)詞的事態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的合成性;⑥名源動(dòng)詞的語義生成。    現(xiàn)代漢語和英語在名源動(dòng)詞方面存在三項(xiàng)差異:數(shù)量上不對稱(即現(xiàn)代漢語中的名源動(dòng)詞比英語少許多);類型上不對稱(即英語中一些類型的名源動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)代漢語中不存在);體態(tài)上的不對稱(即現(xiàn)代漢語中名源動(dòng)詞的體態(tài)特征與源名詞的語義特征沒有關(guān)聯(lián),而英語中名源動(dòng)詞的體態(tài)特征與源名詞的語義特征有關(guān)聯(lián))。這些不對稱現(xiàn)象歸因于虛介詞P、元?jiǎng)釉~和動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)語并移的參數(shù)變化。三個(gè)參數(shù)賦值的綜合決定了現(xiàn)代漢語名源動(dòng)詞和英語名源動(dòng)詞之間的差異:前者的生成受句法制約;后者不受句法制約,僅遵循一形態(tài)規(guī)則N—V。正是這一差異造成了現(xiàn)代漢語和英語的名源動(dòng)詞之間的三種不對稱現(xiàn)象。    古代漢語中的名源動(dòng)詞在數(shù)量和類型上接近英語,而在體態(tài)方面則接近現(xiàn)代漢語。盡管虛介詞P、元?jiǎng)釉~和動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)語并移在古代漢語句法中的表現(xiàn)與在現(xiàn)代漢語中沒有明顯的區(qū)別,基于輕語類的動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)語并移僅適合于現(xiàn)代漢語名源動(dòng)詞的推導(dǎo),而不適合古代漢語名源動(dòng)詞的推導(dǎo)。為消解這一悖論,本書提出一種體現(xiàn)最簡句法精神的解釋。根據(jù)該解釋,漢語允許由句法特征、語義特征和零語音特征組成的語素或語類,即輕語類,如元?jiǎng)釉~和虛介詞;而英語則不允許這種語類。輕語類在古代漢語中屬于強(qiáng)語類,僅局限于“構(gòu)句—句法”操作;但在現(xiàn)代漢語中它們屬于次強(qiáng)語類,既接受“構(gòu)句—句法”操作,又接受“構(gòu)詞一句法”操作。這兩種參數(shù)變化合起來就可以整齊地解釋現(xiàn)代漢語、古代漢語和英語在名源動(dòng)詞方面存在的對稱和不對稱現(xiàn)象。

書籍目錄

序AcknowledgementsAbstract摘要GlossaryChapter I  Introduction  1.1  Introduction  1.2  Denominal Verbs in Chinese    1.2.1  The Criteria    1.2.2  The Data    1.2.3  Semantic Properties of DNVs  1.3  Previous Approaches to DNVs    1.3.1  The Lexical/Morphological Approach    1.3.2  The Pragmatic Approach    1.3.3  The Lexical-semantic Approach    1.3.4  The Syntactic Approach    1.3.5  Summary  1.4  Rationale for This Research and Questions to Be Addressed  1.5  A Syntactic Approach to Chinese DNVs: An OverviewChapter 2  The V-bar Pied-piping Hypothesis  2.1  Introduction  2.2  The V-bar Pied-piping Hypothesis    2.2.1  Dative Shift Under Current Theories on Verb-related Movement    2.2.2  The V' Reanalysis Hypothesis    2.2.3  The V-bar Pied-piping Hypothesis    2.2.4  Licensing V-bar Pied-piping  2.3  Explaining Some (A)symmetries of Syntactic Domains  2.4  Explaining Some Natural Word Order Phenomena    2.4.1  Adjuncts.    2.4.2  Verb Particles    2.4.3  Extraposition    2.4.4  Inversion  2.5  Deriving Compound Verbs in Chinese    2.5.1  Verb-Directional/-Phase Constructions in Chinese    2.5.2  Verb-Resultative Constructions in Chinese    2.5.3  Light Verb Constructions in Chinese  2.6  SummaryChapter 3  Semantic Light Categories in Chinese  3.1  Introduction  3.2  Light Verbs: Syntactic vs. Semantic    3.2.1  The Meanings of Light Verb    3.2.2  Light Verb v vs. Proto-verbs    3.2.3  Proto-verbs vs. Canonical Verbs    3.2.4  Auxiliary Verbs.  3.3  Null Prepositions in Chinese    3.3.1  Variety and Unselectiveness of Verbal Objects    3.3.2  The Null Preposition Hypothesis    3.3.3  Some Consequences  3.4  SummaryChapter 4  Syntactic Derivation of DNVs  4.1  Introduction  4.2  Reclassifying DNVs in Chinese    4.2.1  Aspectual Classes of Verbs    4.2.2  Aspectual Classes of Chinese DNVs  4.3  Deriving DNVs via Syntax    4.3.1  Deriving Sta-DNVs    4.3.2  Deriving Ach-DNVs    4.3.3  Deriving'Acc-DNVs    4.3.4  Deriving Act-DNVs  4.4  SummaryChapter 5  Syntax-Induced Properties of DNVs  5.1  Introduction  5.2  The Inter-Class Quantitative Asymmetry  5.3  The Inter-Categorical Asymmetry  5.4  The Pattern of Aspectual Shift with DNVs    5.4.1  State-to-Achievement Shift    5.4.2  Achievement-to-Accomplishment Shift    5.4.3  Accomplishment-to-Achievement Shift    5.4.4  Achievement-to-State Shift    5.4.5  Some Caveats  5.5  Accomplishment Verbs in Chinese    5.5.1  The Traditional View    5.5.2  Object-coerced Accomplishment Verbs    5.5.3  Syntactically-derived Accomplishment Verbs  5.6  Determination of the Aktionsart of DNVs    5.6.1  Definiteness of Objects    5.6.2  Boundedness of Objects    5.6.3  Boundedness of Source Nouns    5.6.4  Proto-verbs  5.7  Eventuality Structure of DNVs    5.7.1  The Singular-headedness of Sta- and Act-DNVs    5.7.2  The Double-headedness of Ach-DNVs    5.7.3  The Triple-headedness of Acc-DNVs  5.8  Semantic Generation of DNVs.    5.8.1  The Basics of Generative Lexicon    5.8.2  Generating the Semantics of Sta-DNVs    5.8.3  Generating the Semantics of Ach-DNVs    5.8.4  Generating the Semantics of Acc-DNVs    5.8.5  Generating the Semantics of Act-DNVs    5.8.6  Functioning of Proto-verbs  5.9  SummaryChapter 6  A Comparative Perspective on DNVs  6.1  Introduction  6.2  Asymmetries Between Chinese and English DNVs    6.2.1  Quantitative Asymmetry    6.2.2  Typological Asymmetry    6.2.3  Aspectual Asymmetry  6.3  Potential Parametric Variations    6.3.1  Activity vs. Inertness of Null Preposition    6.3.2  Prominence vs. Dormancy of Proto-verbs    6.3.3  Applicability of V-bar Pied-piping  6.4  The Account for the Asymmetries    6.4.1  Explaining the Quantitative Asymmetry    6.4.2  Explaining the Typological Asymmetry    6.4.3  Explaining the Aspectual Asymmetry  6.5  SummaryChapter 7  A Diachronic Perspective on Chinese DNVs  7.1  Introduction  7.2  Characteristics of Classical Chinese DNVs  7.3  Light Categories and V-bar Pied-piping in Classical Chinese    7.3.1  Null Prepositions in Classical Chinese Syntax    7.3.2  Proto-verbs in Classical Chinese Syntax    7.3.3  V-bar Pied-piping in Classical Chinese Syntax    7.3.4  Classical Chinese DNVs: A Paradox  7.4  A Minimalist Account    7.4.1  Patterns of Feature Bundling    7.4.2  Strength of Morphemes    7.4.3  The Account  7.5  The Extension of Light Categories from Syntax to Morphology    7.5.1  The Denominal Prefixs- in Early Archaic Chinese    7.5.2  The Denominal Falling Tone in Middle Archaic Chinese    7.5.3  Denominal Light Categories in Modern Chinese  7.6  SummaryChapter 8  Concluding Remarks  8.1  Major Findings  8.2  LimitationsAppendixReferences

章節(jié)摘錄

  Hale & Keyser (1993, 1997, 1999) adopt the position that universalgrammar plays a role in specifying the principles that constrain theconstruction of word meanings though it does not specify wordmeanings themselves. So word meanings arise from the interaction oflinguistic predispositions with empirical experience. Basing their ar-gument mainly on an analysis of the semantic structure of DNVs(such as unergative verbs calve, dance, sing, etc. and "put" verbs suchas shelve, corral, saddle, coat, etc.) and of deadjectival verbs (such asclear, widen, etc.), Hale & Keyser take the semantic construction ofthese verbs to be completely governed by syntactic principles. A verbhas a Lexical Relational Structure (shortened as LRS hereafter), withinwhich the verbs relation to other constituents is fully determined. TheLSR itself follows from syntactic principles such as Kaynes (1984)Unambiguous Paths, Larsons (1988) Single Complement Hypothesisand Chomskys (1986) Full Interpretation. "There is no thematic roleassignment, apart from predication; and there are no thematic roles,apart from the lexical relations expressed in unambiguous, fully in-terpreted projections of elementary lexical categories" (Hale & Keyser1993: 93-4). The formation of DNVs results from syntactic operationsthat observe the same syntactic principles as basic or underived verbsdo in undergoing syntactic operations. Any violation of syntacticprinciples, e.g. Head Movement Constraint (shortened as HMC here-after), Empty Category Principle (shortened as ECP hereafter), etc.,would give rise to "impossible words".

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