出版時間:2009-8 出版社:科學(xué)出版社 作者:(英)弗萊徹 等主編 頁數(shù):379
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前言
自本書第二版出版以來,人們對遺傳學(xué)的研究取得了一些重要的進展。雖然基因組測序不再屬于前沿領(lǐng)域,但是從中所獲得的數(shù)據(jù)促進了諸多的研究工作。人類基因組僅有20 000個基因被鑒定出來,估計上限為25 000個基因;這遠遠低于先前的預(yù)測,將人類跟其他大多數(shù)的多細胞生物緊緊地聯(lián)系在一起。人類的基因數(shù)目似乎比卷心菜的還要少。基因組比對結(jié)果還顯示,有67~83個在黑猩猩體內(nèi)依然活躍的基因,由于在進化過程中產(chǎn)生突變而在人類中成為沒有活性的假基因。更令人驚異的是,人類基因組的某些部分與黑猩猩的差異比其余部分大得多。這表明當祖先群體向這兩個不同的物種趨異進化時經(jīng)歷了很長一段時間,期間發(fā)生了一些遺傳交換?! ×硪粋€新進展是發(fā)現(xiàn)RNA在控制染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)方面的作用,以及組蛋白N末端的共價修飾在調(diào)節(jié)染色體結(jié)構(gòu)方面的重要性。某些組蛋白修飾(例如位點特異性甲基化)能夠促使核小體緊密堆積,導(dǎo)致形成致密的染色質(zhì),造成轉(zhuǎn)錄裝置難以接近,從而使其中的基因的表達受到限制。雙鏈RNA能夠引導(dǎo)特異的DNA序列發(fā)生這種修飾,使CpG序列(在植物中為CpNpG)中的胞嘧啶被甲基化,并且這種修飾與組蛋白的去乙?;嚓P(guān)。隨著用以鑒定組蛋白特異修飾的單克隆抗體不斷增多,人們對所謂的“組蛋白密碼”的認識將會越來越清晰?! 榱朔从成鲜鲎兓覀儨p少了介紹基因組測序技術(shù)的篇幅,同時將表觀遺傳學(xué)移到了A單元中的“分子遺傳學(xué)”部分,因為這樣看起來更為恰當。人類的進化作為單獨的一個單元出現(xiàn)。人類在地球上定居與遷移的地理學(xué)越來越清楚,而隨著類人猿基因組的信息逐漸明朗,人們才剛剛開始認識人類與類人猿之間在分子水平上的差異?! ∮泻芏鄬徃迦藢Ρ緯那耙粋€版本提出了評論和修改建議,我們在此表示感謝。在力所能及的范圍內(nèi),我們盡可能采納了他們的建議。我們希望至少有一些審稿人對某些改動會感到滿意。
內(nèi)容概要
“精要速覽系列(Instant Notes Series)”叢書是國外教材“Best Seller”榜的上榜教材。該系列結(jié)構(gòu)新穎,視角獨特;重點明確,脈絡(luò)分明;圖表簡明清晰;英文自然易懂,被國內(nèi)多所重點院校選用作為雙語教材。 第三版在第二版基礎(chǔ)上進行修訂。對人類基因研究、RNA調(diào)控、組蛋白修飾、表觀遺傳學(xué)、人類進化等新近研究進行重點補充和調(diào)整,其他各章節(jié)也進行了修訂。 本書適合普通高等院校生命科學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)、農(nóng)學(xué)等相關(guān)專業(yè)使用,也可作為雙語教學(xué)參考教材使用。
書籍目錄
前言縮略詞A 分子遺傳學(xué) A1 DNA結(jié)構(gòu) A2 基因 A3 遺傳密碼 A4 基因轉(zhuǎn)錄 A5 轉(zhuǎn)移RNA A6 核糖體RNA A7 信使RNA A8 翻譯 A9 DNA復(fù)制 A10 原核生物基因表達調(diào)控 A11 真核生物基因表達調(diào)控 A12 表觀遺傳學(xué)與染色質(zhì)修飾B 基因組 B1 染色體 B2 細胞分裂 B3 原核生物基因組 B4 真核生物基因組 B5 DNA突變 B6 誘變劑和DNA修復(fù) B7 重組 B8 噬菌體 B9 真核生物的病毒 B10 基因組分析C 遺傳機制 C1 基礎(chǔ)孟德爾遺傳學(xué) c2 孟德爾遺傳學(xué)(續(xù)) C3 減數(shù)分裂和配子形成 CA 連鎖 C5 細菌間的基因轉(zhuǎn)移 C6 真核生物細胞器中的基因 C7 數(shù)量遺傳 C8 性別決定 C9 性別和遺傳 C10 近交 C11 概率 C12 適合度檢驗:卡方和精確度檢驗D 群體遺傳學(xué)與進化 D1 簡介 D2 通過自然選擇的進化 D3 群體中的基因:哈迪一溫伯格平衡 D4 遺傳多樣性 D5 新達爾文進化論:選擇作用于等位基因 D6 染色體在進化中的變化 D7 物種和物種形成 D8 多倍性 D9 進化 D10 人類的進化E 重組DNA技術(shù) E1 DNA研究技術(shù) E2 RNA研究技術(shù) E3 DNA克隆和轉(zhuǎn)染 E4 生物信息學(xué)F 人類遺傳學(xué) F1 遺傳病 F2 遺傳篩選 F3 基因與癌癥 F4 基因治療G 遺傳學(xué)的應(yīng)用 G1 遺傳學(xué)在法醫(yī)學(xué)中的應(yīng)用 G2 生物技術(shù) G3 轉(zhuǎn)基因?qū)W G4 倫理學(xué)問題進一步閱讀的文獻和有用的網(wǎng)站索引注:英文目錄E2之后的頁碼錯誤。
章節(jié)摘錄
The DNA sequence of a gene determines the amino acid sequence of its encodedprotein. It is very important that the DNA sequence is preserved because alter-ations to the amino acid sequence may affect the ability of the protein to function,which in turn may have a deleterious effect on the organism. Alterations to theDNA sequence do occur as a result of the action of a number of chemical andphysical agents on DNA and also due to rare errors in DNA replication. Thesechanges are known as mutations. Once introduced, the DNA sequence changesare made permanent by DNA replication and are passed on to daughter cellsfollowing cell division. Two important terms that describe an organism carrying a mutation are 8eno-type and phenotype. Genotype is used to describe the mutation and the gene itoccurs in. Phenotype describes the effect on the organism of the mutation. Anorganism that displays the usual phenotype for that species is called the wild-type. An organism whose usual phenotype has changed as the result of amutation is called a mutant. Mutations occur in two forms: point mutationswhich involve a change in the base present at any position in a gene, and grossmutations which involve alterations of longer stretches of DNA sequence. Thelocation of the mutation within a gene is important. Only mutations that occurwithin the coding region are likely to affect the protein. Mutations in noncodingor intergenic regions do not usually have an effect. Point mutations fall into a number of categories, each with different consequencesfor the protein encoded by the gene.Missense mutations These point mutations involve the alteration of a single base which changes acodon such that the encoded amino acid is altered (Fig. la). Such mutationsusually occur inone of the first two bases of a codom The redundancy (degen-eracy) of the genetic code means that mutation of the third base is less likely tocause a change in the amino acid. The effect of a missense mutation on theorganism varies. Most proteins will tolerate some change in their amino acidsequence. However, alterations of amino acids in parts of the protein that areimportant for structure or function are more likely to have a deleterious effect andto produce a mutant phenotype. Nonsense mutations These are point mutations that change a codon for an amino acid into a termina-tion codon (Fig. Ib). The mutation causes translation of the messenger RNA to endprematurely, resulting in a shortened protein which lacks part of its carboxyl-terminal region. Nonsense mutations usually have a serious effect on the activityof the encoded protein and often produce a mutant phenotype. Frameshift mutations These result from the insertion of extra bases or the deletion of existing bases fromthe DNA sequence of a gene. If the number of bases inserted or deleted is not amultiple of three the reading frame will be altered and the ribosome will read adifferent set of codons downstream of the mutation, substantially altering theamino acid sequence of the encoded protein (Fig. lc). Frameshift mutationsusually have a serious effect on the encoded protein and are associated withmutant phenotypes.
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