出版時(shí)間:2009-8 出版社:科學(xué)出版社 作者:(英)弗萊徹 等主編 頁(yè)數(shù):379
Tag標(biāo)簽:無(wú)
前言
自本書(shū)第二版出版以來(lái),人們對(duì)遺傳學(xué)的研究取得了一些重要的進(jìn)展。雖然基因組測(cè)序不再屬于前沿領(lǐng)域,但是從中所獲得的數(shù)據(jù)促進(jìn)了諸多的研究工作。人類(lèi)基因組僅有20 000個(gè)基因被鑒定出來(lái),估計(jì)上限為25 000個(gè)基因;這遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于先前的預(yù)測(cè),將人類(lèi)跟其他大多數(shù)的多細(xì)胞生物緊緊地聯(lián)系在一起。人類(lèi)的基因數(shù)目似乎比卷心菜的還要少。基因組比對(duì)結(jié)果還顯示,有67~83個(gè)在黑猩猩體內(nèi)依然活躍的基因,由于在進(jìn)化過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生突變而在人類(lèi)中成為沒(méi)有活性的假基因。更令人驚異的是,人類(lèi)基因組的某些部分與黑猩猩的差異比其余部分大得多。這表明當(dāng)祖先群體向這兩個(gè)不同的物種趨異進(jìn)化時(shí)經(jīng)歷了很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間,期間發(fā)生了一些遺傳交換?! ×硪粋€(gè)新進(jìn)展是發(fā)現(xiàn)RNA在控制染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)方面的作用,以及組蛋白N末端的共價(jià)修飾在調(diào)節(jié)染色體結(jié)構(gòu)方面的重要性。某些組蛋白修飾(例如位點(diǎn)特異性甲基化)能夠促使核小體緊密堆積,導(dǎo)致形成致密的染色質(zhì),造成轉(zhuǎn)錄裝置難以接近,從而使其中的基因的表達(dá)受到限制。雙鏈RNA能夠引導(dǎo)特異的DNA序列發(fā)生這種修飾,使CpG序列(在植物中為CpNpG)中的胞嘧啶被甲基化,并且這種修飾與組蛋白的去乙?;嚓P(guān)。隨著用以鑒定組蛋白特異修飾的單克隆抗體不斷增多,人們對(duì)所謂的“組蛋白密碼”的認(rèn)識(shí)將會(huì)越來(lái)越清晰?! 榱朔从成鲜鲎兓覀儨p少了介紹基因組測(cè)序技術(shù)的篇幅,同時(shí)將表觀遺傳學(xué)移到了A單元中的“分子遺傳學(xué)”部分,因?yàn)檫@樣看起來(lái)更為恰當(dāng)。人類(lèi)的進(jìn)化作為單獨(dú)的一個(gè)單元出現(xiàn)。人類(lèi)在地球上定居與遷移的地理學(xué)越來(lái)越清楚,而隨著類(lèi)人猿基因組的信息逐漸明朗,人們才剛剛開(kāi)始認(rèn)識(shí)人類(lèi)與類(lèi)人猿之間在分子水平上的差異?! ∮泻芏鄬徃迦藢?duì)本書(shū)的前一個(gè)版本提出了評(píng)論和修改建議,我們?cè)诖吮硎靖兄x。在力所能及的范圍內(nèi),我們盡可能采納了他們的建議。我們希望至少有一些審稿人對(duì)某些改動(dòng)會(huì)感到滿(mǎn)意。
內(nèi)容概要
“精要速覽系列(Instant Notes Series)”叢書(shū)是國(guó)外教材“Best Seller”榜的上榜教材。該系列結(jié)構(gòu)新穎,視角獨(dú)特;重點(diǎn)明確,脈絡(luò)分明;圖表簡(jiǎn)明清晰;英文自然易懂,被國(guó)內(nèi)多所重點(diǎn)院校選用作為雙語(yǔ)教材。 第三版在第二版基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行修訂。對(duì)人類(lèi)基因研究、RNA調(diào)控、組蛋白修飾、表觀遺傳學(xué)、人類(lèi)進(jìn)化等新近研究進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充和調(diào)整,其他各章節(jié)也進(jìn)行了修訂。 本書(shū)適合普通高等院校生命科學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)、農(nóng)學(xué)等相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)使用,也可作為雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)參考教材使用。
書(shū)籍目錄
前言縮略詞A 分子遺傳學(xué) A1 DNA結(jié)構(gòu) A2 基因 A3 遺傳密碼 A4 基因轉(zhuǎn)錄 A5 轉(zhuǎn)移RNA A6 核糖體RNA A7 信使RNA A8 翻譯 A9 DNA復(fù)制 A10 原核生物基因表達(dá)調(diào)控 A11 真核生物基因表達(dá)調(diào)控 A12 表觀遺傳學(xué)與染色質(zhì)修飾B 基因組 B1 染色體 B2 細(xì)胞分裂 B3 原核生物基因組 B4 真核生物基因組 B5 DNA突變 B6 誘變劑和DNA修復(fù) B7 重組 B8 噬菌體 B9 真核生物的病毒 B10 基因組分析C 遺傳機(jī)制 C1 基礎(chǔ)孟德?tīng)栠z傳學(xué) c2 孟德?tīng)栠z傳學(xué)(續(xù)) C3 減數(shù)分裂和配子形成 CA 連鎖 C5 細(xì)菌間的基因轉(zhuǎn)移 C6 真核生物細(xì)胞器中的基因 C7 數(shù)量遺傳 C8 性別決定 C9 性別和遺傳 C10 近交 C11 概率 C12 適合度檢驗(yàn):卡方和精確度檢驗(yàn)D 群體遺傳學(xué)與進(jìn)化 D1 簡(jiǎn)介 D2 通過(guò)自然選擇的進(jìn)化 D3 群體中的基因:哈迪一溫伯格平衡 D4 遺傳多樣性 D5 新達(dá)爾文進(jìn)化論:選擇作用于等位基因 D6 染色體在進(jìn)化中的變化 D7 物種和物種形成 D8 多倍性 D9 進(jìn)化 D10 人類(lèi)的進(jìn)化E 重組DNA技術(shù) E1 DNA研究技術(shù) E2 RNA研究技術(shù) E3 DNA克隆和轉(zhuǎn)染 E4 生物信息學(xué)F 人類(lèi)遺傳學(xué) F1 遺傳病 F2 遺傳篩選 F3 基因與癌癥 F4 基因治療G 遺傳學(xué)的應(yīng)用 G1 遺傳學(xué)在法醫(yī)學(xué)中的應(yīng)用 G2 生物技術(shù) G3 轉(zhuǎn)基因?qū)W G4 倫理學(xué)問(wèn)題進(jìn)一步閱讀的文獻(xiàn)和有用的網(wǎng)站索引注:英文目錄E2之后的頁(yè)碼錯(cuò)誤。
章節(jié)摘錄
The DNA sequence of a gene determines the amino acid sequence of its encodedprotein. It is very important that the DNA sequence is preserved because alter-ations to the amino acid sequence may affect the ability of the protein to function,which in turn may have a deleterious effect on the organism. Alterations to theDNA sequence do occur as a result of the action of a number of chemical andphysical agents on DNA and also due to rare errors in DNA replication. Thesechanges are known as mutations. Once introduced, the DNA sequence changesare made permanent by DNA replication and are passed on to daughter cellsfollowing cell division. Two important terms that describe an organism carrying a mutation are 8eno-type and phenotype. Genotype is used to describe the mutation and the gene itoccurs in. Phenotype describes the effect on the organism of the mutation. Anorganism that displays the usual phenotype for that species is called the wild-type. An organism whose usual phenotype has changed as the result of amutation is called a mutant. Mutations occur in two forms: point mutationswhich involve a change in the base present at any position in a gene, and grossmutations which involve alterations of longer stretches of DNA sequence. Thelocation of the mutation within a gene is important. Only mutations that occurwithin the coding region are likely to affect the protein. Mutations in noncodingor intergenic regions do not usually have an effect. Point mutations fall into a number of categories, each with different consequencesfor the protein encoded by the gene.Missense mutations These point mutations involve the alteration of a single base which changes acodon such that the encoded amino acid is altered (Fig. la). Such mutationsusually occur inone of the first two bases of a codom The redundancy (degen-eracy) of the genetic code means that mutation of the third base is less likely tocause a change in the amino acid. The effect of a missense mutation on theorganism varies. Most proteins will tolerate some change in their amino acidsequence. However, alterations of amino acids in parts of the protein that areimportant for structure or function are more likely to have a deleterious effect andto produce a mutant phenotype. Nonsense mutations These are point mutations that change a codon for an amino acid into a termina-tion codon (Fig. Ib). The mutation causes translation of the messenger RNA to endprematurely, resulting in a shortened protein which lacks part of its carboxyl-terminal region. Nonsense mutations usually have a serious effect on the activityof the encoded protein and often produce a mutant phenotype. Frameshift mutations These result from the insertion of extra bases or the deletion of existing bases fromthe DNA sequence of a gene. If the number of bases inserted or deleted is not amultiple of three the reading frame will be altered and the ribosome will read adifferent set of codons downstream of the mutation, substantially altering theamino acid sequence of the encoded protein (Fig. lc). Frameshift mutationsusually have a serious effect on the encoded protein and are associated withmutant phenotypes.
編輯推薦
快速、準(zhǔn)確掌握專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)和專(zhuān)業(yè)外語(yǔ)的最佳套書(shū)!一種對(duì)教材概念的新的詮釋?zhuān) 【珶拰W(xué)科核心內(nèi)容,以相對(duì)獨(dú)立又互相關(guān)聯(lián)的專(zhuān)題形式介紹各學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。 版式設(shè)計(jì)獨(dú)特,方便學(xué)生快速、便捷地領(lǐng)會(huì)學(xué)科要點(diǎn),便于復(fù)習(xí)與記憶?! 【帉?xiě)風(fēng)格統(tǒng)一,提供“結(jié)構(gòu)化”學(xué)習(xí)方法?! ∈澜绶秶鷥?nèi)的主流教材——?dú)W洲、北美等地眾多高校廣泛參考和使用, 國(guó)內(nèi)數(shù)百家高校雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)課程選用?! 【儆[系列圖書(shū)1999年面世至今受到廣大讀者的關(guān)注,2009年科學(xué)出版社隆重推如11個(gè)分冊(cè)導(dǎo)讀版的新版圖書(shū),2010年計(jì)劃推出9個(gè)分冊(cè)的中譯版。其編寫(xiě)風(fēng)格、取材角度仍繼承前版特色,在內(nèi)容上根據(jù)各學(xué)科發(fā)展進(jìn)行修訂和擴(kuò)充。
圖書(shū)封面
圖書(shū)標(biāo)簽Tags
無(wú)
評(píng)論、評(píng)分、閱讀與下載
250萬(wàn)本中文圖書(shū)簡(jiǎn)介、評(píng)論、評(píng)分,PDF格式免費(fèi)下載。 第一圖書(shū)網(wǎng) 手機(jī)版