感覺(jué)和運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)

前言

人腦或神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)是我們已知的宇宙中最復(fù)雜的物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)，神經(jīng)科學(xué)是探索腦的奧秘的科學(xué)，是21世紀(jì)迅猛發(fā)展的生命科學(xué)中最為突出的領(lǐng)域之一。過(guò)去的十多年中，分子生物學(xué)和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，極大地推動(dòng)了神經(jīng)科學(xué)的發(fā)展，人類基因組DNA序列的闡明及其對(duì)神經(jīng)科學(xué)的推動(dòng)、腦功能成像技術(shù)研究人腦和心理活動(dòng)的巨大進(jìn)展便是最突出的代表。對(duì)許多神經(jīng)元活動(dòng)的基本過(guò)程，神經(jīng)科學(xué)家已經(jīng)可以通過(guò)基因操作，在基因及其編碼的蛋白分子的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能水平上進(jìn)行描述和分析，從而精細(xì)地研究其復(fù)雜的細(xì)胞膜上和胞內(nèi)信號(hào)的調(diào)控分子機(jī)制。腦功能成像技術(shù)使得過(guò)去只能停留在人腦這個(gè)“黑箱”外、對(duì)心理現(xiàn)象的腦機(jī)制進(jìn)行各種猜測(cè)和假說(shuō)的時(shí)代成為過(guò)去，人腦的認(rèn)知和思維活動(dòng)變得“看得見(jiàn)”了。神經(jīng)科學(xué)不僅吸引著各類神經(jīng)生物學(xué)家、化學(xué)家和物理學(xué)家，而且吸引分子生物學(xué)家、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家和心理學(xué)家紛紛加入其中，成為真正意義上的多種學(xué)科交叉的科學(xué)。

內(nèi)容概要

本套書(shū)特色：　　內(nèi)容全面——覆蓋神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的各個(gè)方面，第三版增加了神經(jīng)科學(xué)發(fā)展較快的領(lǐng)域，如樹(shù)突的發(fā)育、化學(xué)感覺(jué)、小腦、眼動(dòng)、睡眠和夢(mèng)，以及意識(shí)等。　　作者專業(yè)——本套書(shū)由多位美國(guó)科學(xué)院院士參與，其中兩位曾經(jīng)擔(dān)任過(guò)神經(jīng)科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)（Society for Neuroscience）的主席，由100多位神經(jīng)科學(xué)家共同編著而成。    生動(dòng)詳實(shí)——全套書(shū)包含530余幅圖例和照片，便于讀者理解，本套書(shū)附贈(zèng)光盤包含全書(shū)所有彩圖?！　〗Y(jié)構(gòu)新穎——為了使讀者能夠更好地理解文中內(nèi)容和開(kāi)闊視野，書(shū)內(nèi)增加了大量背景性材料，于正文中用方框標(biāo)出，包括重要的實(shí)驗(yàn)、病例、實(shí)驗(yàn)方法和概念等。每章末尾介紹一些有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)和進(jìn)一步閱讀的補(bǔ)充材料，供讀者學(xué)習(xí)和深入鉆研。

作者簡(jiǎn)介

作者：(美國(guó))Laary Squire (美國(guó))Darwin Berg (美國(guó))Floyd BloomLarry R. Squire is Distinguished Professor of Psy-chiatry, Neurosciences, and Psychology at the Univer-sity of California School of Medicine, San Diego, andResearch Career Scientist at the Veterans AffairsMedical Center, San Diego. He investigates the organi-zation and neurological foundations of memory. He isa former President of the Society for Neuroscience andis a member of the National Academy of Sciences andthe Institute of Medicine.Darwin K. Berg is Distinguished Professor in theDivision of Biological Sciences at the University ofCalifornia, San Diego. He has been chairman of theBiology Department and currently serves as Councilorof the Society for Neuroscience and as a Board memberof the Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind. His researchis focused on the roles of nicotinic cholinergic signal-ing in the vertebrate nervous system.Floyd Bloom is Professor Emeritus in the Molecularand Integrative Neuroscience Department （MIND） at The Scripps Research Institute. His recent awardsinclude the Sarnat Award from the Institute of Medi-cine and the Salmon Medal of the New York Academyof Medicine. He is a former President of the Society forNeuroscience and is a member of the NationalAcademy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine. Sascha du Lac is an Investigator of the HowardHughes Medical Institute and an Associate Professorof Systems Neurobiology at the Salk Institute for Bio-logical Studies. Her research interests are in the neu-robiology of resilience and learning, and her laboratoryinvestigates behavioral, circuit, cellular, and molecularmechanisms in the sense of balance. Anirvan Ghosh is Stephen Kuffler Professor in theDivision of Biological Sciences at the University of California, San Diego and Director of the graduateprogram in Neurosciences. His research interestsinclude the development of synaptic connections inthe central nervous system and the role of activity-dependent gene expression in the cortical develop-ment. He is recipient of the Presidential Early CareerAward for Scientists and Engineers and the Society forNeuroscience Young Investigator Award. Nicholas C. Spitzer is Distinguished Professor inthe Division of Biological Sciences at the University of California, San Diego. His research is focusedon neuronal differentiation and the role of electricalactivity and calcium signaling in the assembly ofthe nervous system. He has been chairman ofthe Biology Department and the Neurobiology Section,a trustee of the Grass Foundation, and served as Councilor of the Society for Neuroscience. He is amember of the American Academy of Arts and Sci-ences and Co-Director of the Kavli Institute for Brainand Mind.

書(shū)籍目錄

前言作者簡(jiǎn)介第一部分  神經(jīng)科學(xué)總論　第1章  神經(jīng)科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)　第2章  神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)概述第二部分  細(xì)胞和分子神經(jīng)科學(xué)　第3章  神經(jīng)組織的細(xì)胞元件　第4章  神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的亞細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)：細(xì)胞器及其功能　第5章  軸突和樹(shù)突的電緊張?zhí)匦浴〉?章  跨膜電位和動(dòng)作電位　第7章　神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)　第8章  神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放　第9章  神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)受體　第10章  細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)　第11章  突觸后電位和突觸融合　第12章  樹(shù)突內(nèi)復(fù)雜信息處理　第13章  腦能量代謝第三部分  神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育　第14章  神經(jīng)誘導(dǎo)和模式形成　第15章　細(xì)胞決定　第16章  神經(jīng)發(fā)生和遷移    　第17章  生長(zhǎng)錐和軸突導(dǎo)向　第18章  靶體選擇、地形圖和突觸形成　第19章  細(xì)胞程序化死亡及神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子　第20章  突觸消亡　第21章　樹(shù)突發(fā)育　第22章  早期經(jīng)驗(yàn)和敏感期第四部分  感覺(jué)系統(tǒng)  第23章  感覺(jué)系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)  第24章  化學(xué)感覺(jué)：味覺(jué)和嗅覺(jué)  第25章　軀體感覺(jué)系統(tǒng)  第26章  聽(tīng)覺(jué)  第27章  視覺(jué)第五部分  運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)  第28章  運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)  第29章  脊髓和外周運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)  第30章  運(yùn)動(dòng)的遞減控制  第3l章　基底神經(jīng)節(jié)  第32章  小腦  第33章  眼動(dòng)第六部分  調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)  第34章  下丘腦：調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)概述  第35章  自主功能的控制：自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的組織  第36章  心血管系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)控制  第37章  呼吸的神經(jīng)控制  第38章　食物攝取及代謝  第39章  水的攝取及體液  第40章  神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)  第41章　生理節(jié)奏  第42章  睡眠、做夢(mèng)和失眠  第43章  獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、動(dòng)機(jī)和成癮第七部分  行為和認(rèn)知神經(jīng)科學(xué)  第44章　人腦進(jìn)化  第45章  認(rèn)知發(fā)育和衰老      第46章  物體的視覺(jué)感知      第47章  空間識(shí)別      第48章  注意  第49章  學(xué)習(xí)與記憶：基礎(chǔ)機(jī)制  第50章  學(xué)習(xí)與記憶：腦系統(tǒng)  第51章　語(yǔ)言和交流  第52章  前額葉皮層及腦功能執(zhí)行  第53章  意識(shí)的神經(jīng)科學(xué)索引

章節(jié)摘錄

PC afferents are exquisitely sensitive to vibration.They display a peak response near 200Hz with skinindentations of no more than 10nm. Yet as pointed outearlier, a single indentation of the skin surface producesonly a couple of spikes from these axons. Careful dis-section of the connective tissue that surrounds the PCaxon shows the axon itself is capable of generating asteady burst of action potentials with continued appli-cation of a blunt probe. The axon does not adapt. Rather,a change in structure of the fluid-filled capsule carriesthe energy of a continually applied probe away fromthe axon tip and closes the cation channels responsiblefor mechanical transduction. By contrast, repeatedapplication of a mechanical stimulus, such as occurswith a tuning fork vibrating at 200 Hz, produces a seriesof discrete transduction events and a series of actionpotentials. We can say with great confidence, then, thatPCs are responsive to high frequency vibration at eventhe smallest magnitude. This extreme sensitivity tovibration turns the PC afferent into a detector of remoteevents. These are the receptors, for example, thatrespond as hands gripping a steering wheel vibratewhen a car travels over a rough road. As a more commonand practical matter the minute vibrations transducedby PC afferents provide information about the textureof surfaces during the manipulation of tools.Meissner' s Corpuscles　 Lower frequency vibration, sometimes called flutter,produces a maximal response in RA afferents. As is thecase of PCs, the correlation between this type ofresponse and the structure of the afferent axon and itssurrounding tissue is consistent. Each RA afferentends as a stack of broad terminal disks within aMeissner's corpuscles. Both divergence and conver-gence is seen in the relationship between corpuscleand axon. Two RA afferents end in a Meissner's cor-puscle whereas each afferent innervates anywherebetween 20 and 50 separate corpuscles. In addition tothe A/~ axons, C fibers are also present in Meissner'scorpuscles of monkey glaborous skin. Whether theseaxons play a role in mechanosensation or provide theMeissner's corpuscle with nociceptive and thermore- ceptive properties is not yet known.The anatomy of the RA afferent says a great deal about what this mechanoreceptor does. Meissner's corpuscles are found in dermal pockets of the adhesive ridges, as close to the epidermis as any dermal struc- ture can be （Fig. 25.3）. And their density is extraordi- nary, approaching 50ram2 in the index fingertip of a young adult. The result is an afferent very sensitive to even the slightest stretch of skin, as happens when aslippery object moves in the hand. Yet the levels ofdivergence and convergence from a single RA afferentlead to large receptive fields （Srnm2）. That feature andthe filtering properties of the connective tissue capsulemake them inappropriate for form and texture per-ception. RA afferents are responsible, instead, for thedetection of objects slipping across the hand andfingers. They provide the sensory information thatleads to the adjustment of grip force.

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