感覺和運動系統(tǒng)

前言

人腦或神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)是我們已知的宇宙中最復雜的物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)，神經(jīng)科學是探索腦的奧秘的科學，是21世紀迅猛發(fā)展的生命科學中最為突出的領(lǐng)域之一。過去的十多年中，分子生物學和計算機科學技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，極大地推動了神經(jīng)科學的發(fā)展，人類基因組DNA序列的闡明及其對神經(jīng)科學的推動、腦功能成像技術(shù)研究人腦和心理活動的巨大進展便是最突出的代表。對許多神經(jīng)元活動的基本過程，神經(jīng)科學家已經(jīng)可以通過基因操作，在基因及其編碼的蛋白分子的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能水平上進行描述和分析，從而精細地研究其復雜的細胞膜上和胞內(nèi)信號的調(diào)控分子機制。腦功能成像技術(shù)使得過去只能停留在人腦這個“黑箱”外、對心理現(xiàn)象的腦機制進行各種猜測和假說的時代成為過去，人腦的認知和思維活動變得“看得見”了。神經(jīng)科學不僅吸引著各類神經(jīng)生物學家、化學家和物理學家，而且吸引分子生物學家、計算機科學家和心理學家紛紛加入其中，成為真正意義上的多種學科交叉的科學。

內(nèi)容概要

本套書特色：　　內(nèi)容全面——覆蓋神經(jīng)科學領(lǐng)域的各個方面，第三版增加了神經(jīng)科學發(fā)展較快的領(lǐng)域，如樹突的發(fā)育、化學感覺、小腦、眼動、睡眠和夢，以及意識等?！　∽髡邔I(yè)——本套書由多位美國科學院院士參與，其中兩位曾經(jīng)擔任過神經(jīng)科學學會（Society for Neuroscience）的主席，由100多位神經(jīng)科學家共同編著而成。    生動詳實——全套書包含530余幅圖例和照片，便于讀者理解，本套書附贈光盤包含全書所有彩圖。　　結(jié)構(gòu)新穎——為了使讀者能夠更好地理解文中內(nèi)容和開闊視野，書內(nèi)增加了大量背景性材料，于正文中用方框標出，包括重要的實驗、病例、實驗方法和概念等。每章末尾介紹一些有關(guān)文獻和進一步閱讀的補充材料，供讀者學習和深入鉆研。

作者簡介

作者：(美國)Laary Squire (美國)Darwin Berg (美國)Floyd BloomLarry R. Squire is Distinguished Professor of Psy-chiatry, Neurosciences, and Psychology at the Univer-sity of California School of Medicine, San Diego, andResearch Career Scientist at the Veterans AffairsMedical Center, San Diego. He investigates the organi-zation and neurological foundations of memory. He isa former President of the Society for Neuroscience andis a member of the National Academy of Sciences andthe Institute of Medicine.Darwin K. Berg is Distinguished Professor in theDivision of Biological Sciences at the University ofCalifornia, San Diego. He has been chairman of theBiology Department and currently serves as Councilorof the Society for Neuroscience and as a Board memberof the Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind. His researchis focused on the roles of nicotinic cholinergic signal-ing in the vertebrate nervous system.Floyd Bloom is Professor Emeritus in the Molecularand Integrative Neuroscience Department （MIND） at The Scripps Research Institute. His recent awardsinclude the Sarnat Award from the Institute of Medi-cine and the Salmon Medal of the New York Academyof Medicine. He is a former President of the Society forNeuroscience and is a member of the NationalAcademy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine. Sascha du Lac is an Investigator of the HowardHughes Medical Institute and an Associate Professorof Systems Neurobiology at the Salk Institute for Bio-logical Studies. Her research interests are in the neu-robiology of resilience and learning, and her laboratoryinvestigates behavioral, circuit, cellular, and molecularmechanisms in the sense of balance. Anirvan Ghosh is Stephen Kuffler Professor in theDivision of Biological Sciences at the University of California, San Diego and Director of the graduateprogram in Neurosciences. His research interestsinclude the development of synaptic connections inthe central nervous system and the role of activity-dependent gene expression in the cortical develop-ment. He is recipient of the Presidential Early CareerAward for Scientists and Engineers and the Society forNeuroscience Young Investigator Award. Nicholas C. Spitzer is Distinguished Professor inthe Division of Biological Sciences at the University of California, San Diego. His research is focusedon neuronal differentiation and the role of electricalactivity and calcium signaling in the assembly ofthe nervous system. He has been chairman ofthe Biology Department and the Neurobiology Section,a trustee of the Grass Foundation, and served as Councilor of the Society for Neuroscience. He is amember of the American Academy of Arts and Sci-ences and Co-Director of the Kavli Institute for Brainand Mind.

書籍目錄

前言作者簡介第一部分  神經(jīng)科學總論　第1章  神經(jīng)科學基礎(chǔ)　第2章  神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)概述第二部分  細胞和分子神經(jīng)科學　第3章  神經(jīng)組織的細胞元件　第4章  神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的亞細胞結(jié)構(gòu)：細胞器及其功能　第5章  軸突和樹突的電緊張?zhí)匦浴〉?章  跨膜電位和動作電位　第7章　神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)　第8章  神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放　第9章  神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)受體　第10章  細胞內(nèi)信號　第11章  突觸后電位和突觸融合　第12章  樹突內(nèi)復雜信息處理　第13章  腦能量代謝第三部分  神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育　第14章  神經(jīng)誘導和模式形成　第15章　細胞決定　第16章  神經(jīng)發(fā)生和遷移    　第17章  生長錐和軸突導向　第18章  靶體選擇、地形圖和突觸形成　第19章  細胞程序化死亡及神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子　第20章  突觸消亡　第21章　樹突發(fā)育　第22章  早期經(jīng)驗和敏感期第四部分  感覺系統(tǒng)  第23章  感覺系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)  第24章  化學感覺：味覺和嗅覺  第25章　軀體感覺系統(tǒng)  第26章  聽覺  第27章  視覺第五部分  運動系統(tǒng)  第28章  運動系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)  第29章  脊髓和外周運動系統(tǒng)  第30章  運動的遞減控制  第3l章　基底神經(jīng)節(jié)  第32章  小腦  第33章  眼動第六部分  調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)  第34章  下丘腦：調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)概述  第35章  自主功能的控制：自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的組織  第36章  心血管系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)控制  第37章  呼吸的神經(jīng)控制  第38章　食物攝取及代謝  第39章  水的攝取及體液  第40章  神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)  第41章　生理節(jié)奏  第42章  睡眠、做夢和失眠  第43章  獎勵、動機和成癮第七部分  行為和認知神經(jīng)科學  第44章　人腦進化  第45章  認知發(fā)育和衰老      第46章  物體的視覺感知      第47章  空間識別      第48章  注意  第49章  學習與記憶：基礎(chǔ)機制  第50章  學習與記憶：腦系統(tǒng)  第51章　語言和交流  第52章  前額葉皮層及腦功能執(zhí)行  第53章  意識的神經(jīng)科學索引

章節(jié)摘錄

PC afferents are exquisitely sensitive to vibration.They display a peak response near 200Hz with skinindentations of no more than 10nm. Yet as pointed outearlier, a single indentation of the skin surface producesonly a couple of spikes from these axons. Careful dis-section of the connective tissue that surrounds the PCaxon shows the axon itself is capable of generating asteady burst of action potentials with continued appli-cation of a blunt probe. The axon does not adapt. Rather,a change in structure of the fluid-filled capsule carriesthe energy of a continually applied probe away fromthe axon tip and closes the cation channels responsiblefor mechanical transduction. By contrast, repeatedapplication of a mechanical stimulus, such as occurswith a tuning fork vibrating at 200 Hz, produces a seriesof discrete transduction events and a series of actionpotentials. We can say with great confidence, then, thatPCs are responsive to high frequency vibration at eventhe smallest magnitude. This extreme sensitivity tovibration turns the PC afferent into a detector of remoteevents. These are the receptors, for example, thatrespond as hands gripping a steering wheel vibratewhen a car travels over a rough road. As a more commonand practical matter the minute vibrations transducedby PC afferents provide information about the textureof surfaces during the manipulation of tools.Meissner' s Corpuscles　 Lower frequency vibration, sometimes called flutter,produces a maximal response in RA afferents. As is thecase of PCs, the correlation between this type ofresponse and the structure of the afferent axon and itssurrounding tissue is consistent. Each RA afferentends as a stack of broad terminal disks within aMeissner's corpuscles. Both divergence and conver-gence is seen in the relationship between corpuscleand axon. Two RA afferents end in a Meissner's cor-puscle whereas each afferent innervates anywherebetween 20 and 50 separate corpuscles. In addition tothe A/~ axons, C fibers are also present in Meissner'scorpuscles of monkey glaborous skin. Whether theseaxons play a role in mechanosensation or provide theMeissner's corpuscle with nociceptive and thermore- ceptive properties is not yet known.The anatomy of the RA afferent says a great deal about what this mechanoreceptor does. Meissner's corpuscles are found in dermal pockets of the adhesive ridges, as close to the epidermis as any dermal struc- ture can be （Fig. 25.3）. And their density is extraordi- nary, approaching 50ram2 in the index fingertip of a young adult. The result is an afferent very sensitive to even the slightest stretch of skin, as happens when aslippery object moves in the hand. Yet the levels ofdivergence and convergence from a single RA afferentlead to large receptive fields （Srnm2）. That feature andthe filtering properties of the connective tissue capsulemake them inappropriate for form and texture per-ception. RA afferents are responsible, instead, for thedetection of objects slipping across the hand andfingers. They provide the sensory information thatleads to the adjustment of grip force.

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