超導(dǎo)、超流和凝聚體

前言

　　Ever since their original discovery nearly 100 years ago， superconductors andsuperfluids have led to an incredible number of unexpected and surprising newphenomena. The theories which eventually explained superconductivity in met-als and superfluid 4He count among the greatest achievements in theoreticalmany-body physics， and have had profound implications in many other areas，such as in the construction of the "Higgs mechanism" and the standard modelof particle physics.　Even now there is no sign that the pace of progress is slowing down. Indeedrecent years have seen renewed interest in the field in following the 1986 discov-ery of cuprate high temperature superconductivity and the 1995 announcementof Bose-Einstein condensation （BEC） in ultra-cold atomic gases. These break-throughs have tremendously widened the scope of the area of "low temperaturephysics" from 165 K （only about -100~~C， a cold day at the North Pole） thehighest confirmed superconducting transition temperature ever recorded， tothe realm of nano-Kelvin in laser trapped condensates of atomic gases. Further-more an incredibly wide range of materials is now known to be superconducting.The field is no longer confined to the study of the metallic elements and theiralloys， but now includes the study of complex oxides， carbon-based materials（such as fullerene C60）， organic conductors， rare earth based compounds （heavyfermion materials）， and materials based on sulphur and boron （MgB2 supercon-ductivity was discovered in 2001 ）. Commercial applications of superconductingtechnology are also increasing， albeit slowly. The LHC ring currently （in 2003）being installed at the CERN particle physics center is possible only becauseof considerable recent advances in superconducting magnet technology. Buteven this uses "traditional" superconducting materials. In principle， even morepowerful magnets could be built using novel high temperature superconductingmaterials， although these materials are difficult to work with and there are manytechnical problems still to be overcome.　The goal of this book is to provide a clear and concise first introductionto this subject. It is primarily intended for use by final year undergraduatesand beginning postgraduates， whether in physics， chemistry， or materials sci-ence departments. Hopefully experienced scientists and others will also find itinteresting and useful.　For the student， the concepts involved in superfluidity and superconductivitycan be difficult subject to master. It requires the use of many different elementsfrom thermodynamics， electromagnetism， quantum mechanics， and solid statephysics. Theories of superconductivity， such as the Bardeen Cooper Schrieffer（BCS） theory， are also most naturally written in the mathematics of quantumfield theory， a subject which is well beyond the usual undergraduate physicscurriculum. This book attempts to minimize the use of these advanced math-ematical techniques so as to make the subject more accessible to beginners.

內(nèi)容概要

本書包含三條主線：Bose-Einstein凝聚體(BEC)，超流體和超導(dǎo)電性。書中首先建立專題的重要概念，然后介紹必要的數(shù)學(xué)方法。本書從三個主題中最簡單的BEC開始，首先全面回顧了Bose-Einstein理想氣體的基礎(chǔ)，然后詳述了磁捕陷與原子冷卻技術(shù)和稀化原子氣體中的BEC。4He中的超流性較難理解，因為它是強(qiáng)相互作用量子流體。本書介紹了超流性的主要物理現(xiàn)象，以及如何從宏觀量子相干性與非對角長程序的主要概念得出超流現(xiàn)象。超導(dǎo)電性的理論分步加以闡述：先討論較簡單的London和GinzbergLandau理論及其主要應(yīng)用，然后推導(dǎo)量子相干態(tài)的數(shù)學(xué)概念和Bardeen-Cooper-Shrieffer(BCS)理論。最后一章涉及較高深的話題，包括3He超流和特異超導(dǎo)體中的非常規(guī)Cooper對的證據(jù)。本書不需要讀者具備量子多體理論的知識，必要的數(shù)學(xué)概念會在需要處予以介紹。

書籍目錄

1 Bose-Einstein凝聚體  1.1  引言  1.2  Bose-Einstein統(tǒng)計  1.3  Bose-Einstein凝聚  1.4  超冷原子氣體中的BEC  進(jìn)一步閱讀材料  習(xí)題2  超流4He  2.1  引言  2.2  經(jīng)典與量子流體  2.3  宏觀波函數(shù)  2.4  2He的超流性  2.5  環(huán)流量子化與渦旋  2.6  動量分布  2.7  準(zhǔn)粒子激發(fā)  2.8  小結(jié)  進(jìn)一步閱讀材料  習(xí)題3  超導(dǎo)電性  3.1  引言  3.2  金屬中的導(dǎo)電  3.3  超導(dǎo)材料  3.4  零電阻率  3.5  Meissner-Ochsenfeld效應(yīng)  3.6  完全抗磁性  3.7  第I類與第II類超導(dǎo)電性  3.8  London方程  3.9  London渦旋  進(jìn)一步閱讀材料  習(xí)題4  Ginzburg-Landau模型  4.1  引言  4.2  凝聚能  4.3  體相變的Ginzburg-Landau理論  4.4  非均勻體系的Ginzburg-Landau理論  4.5  超導(dǎo)體的表面  4.6  磁場下的Ginzburg-Landau理論  4.7  規(guī)范對稱性與對稱性破缺  4.8  磁通量子化  4.9  Abrikosov磁通格子  4.10  熱漲落  4.11  渦旋物質(zhì)  4.12  小結(jié)  進(jìn)一步閱讀材料  習(xí)題5  宏觀相干態(tài)  5.1  引言  5.2  相干態(tài)  5.3  相干態(tài)與激光  5.4  玻色子量子場  5.5  非對角長程序  5.6  弱相互作用玻色氣體  5.7  相干與超導(dǎo)體中的ODLRO  5.8  Josephson效應(yīng)  5.9  宏觀量子相干性  5.10  小結(jié)  進(jìn)一步閱讀材料  習(xí)題6  超導(dǎo)電性的BCS理論  6.1  引言  6.2  電-聲子相互作用  6.3  Cooper對  6.4  BCS波函數(shù)  6.5  平均場哈密頓量  6.6  BCS能隙與準(zhǔn)粒子態(tài)  6.7  BCS理論的預(yù)測  進(jìn)一步閱讀材料  習(xí)題7  超流3He與非常規(guī)超導(dǎo)電性  7.1  引言  7.2  3He的Fermi液體正常態(tài)  7.3  液態(tài)3He中的配對相互作用  7.4  3He的超流相  7.5  非常規(guī)超導(dǎo)體  進(jìn)一步閱讀材料A  精選習(xí)題解答與提示參考文獻(xiàn)索引

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　　《牛津大學(xué)研究生教材系列》介紹了物理學(xué)的主要領(lǐng)域的知識和柑關(guān)應(yīng)用，旨在引導(dǎo)讀者進(jìn)入相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的前沿。叢書堅持深入淺出的寫作風(fēng)格，用豐富的示例、圖表、總結(jié)加深讀者塒內(nèi)容的理解。書中附有習(xí)題供讀者練習(xí)。

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