當(dāng)代漢語私人書信稱謂、起始及結(jié)束語社會語言學(xué)研究

內(nèi)容概要

　　國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)有的對稱謂語、起始語及結(jié)束語的研究絕大多數(shù)是放在口語交際上，這種現(xiàn)象顯然不能滿足當(dāng)今語言學(xué)和社會語言學(xué)研究內(nèi)容和方法發(fā)展的需要。本研究借鑒多學(xué)科理論，從多維的視角，采用定量和定性相結(jié)合的辦法，對259封當(dāng)代漢語私人書信中的稱謂語、起始語及結(jié)束語的語言形式和語用特征以及個人、社會和文化因素對其使用的影響進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)全面的分析。研究的目的是為人們理解中國文化背景下的漢語私人書信中這三種言語行為的形式、功能、序列結(jié)構(gòu)和語言使用提供有價值的信息?！　⊙芯拷Y(jié)果表明，漢語私人書信中的稱謂語形式呈“多樣化”和“復(fù)雜化”趨勢。這說明較之口語中的稱謂系統(tǒng)，文字交際中的稱謂語具有更廣泛的外延內(nèi)容和更為深刻的內(nèi)涵意義，體現(xiàn)出各種復(fù)雜的社會關(guān)系和漢文化傳統(tǒng)。另外，起始語和結(jié)束語在漢語書信中具有高度規(guī)約化特征，寫信人采取一系列寒暄語來實(shí)現(xiàn)建立和加強(qiáng)與收信人之間人際關(guān)系的目的。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)：寫信人的起始語和結(jié)束語的語言選擇與他們的社會角色、年齡、性別、權(quán)勢以及與收信人關(guān)系的親疏程度有著緊密的聯(lián)系。這再一次說明了漢文化中孔子倫理觀對中國人言語行為的深刻影響?！　』诒狙芯拷Y(jié)果，我們可以得出三點(diǎn)啟示：第一，言語行為以及相關(guān)的寒暄語及禮貌語的語用研究要突破原有的單句框架，要注重該類語言的篇章性，把動態(tài)觀和序列觀引入此類研究。第二，社會因素對語言使用的影響復(fù)雜而深奧，要從多維的角度來觀察社會因素對語言的制約作用，包括它們自身的相互作用。第三，廣博的文化背景也對交際中出現(xiàn)的言語行為發(fā)揮某種決定性作用。在探討語言和社會問題時，應(yīng)注重宏觀把握文化限制和微觀分析個人和社會因素，這樣會對影響語言變異的因素做出較全面的考察。

書籍目錄

PrefaceAcknowledgementsAbstractChapter I Introduction1.1 The nature of this study1.2 Background1.3 Research questions1.4 Research objectives1.5 Organization of this bookChapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Studies of address forms， openings and closings in interaction2.2 Unresolved issues and research opportunities2.3 Concluding remarksChapter 3 Methodology3.1 Introduction3.2 Data collection3.3 Data analysis3.4 Concluding remarksChapter 4 Address Forms in Chinese Personal Letters4.1 Introduction4.2 Address forms and functions in Chinese personal letters4.3 Address forms and social variables4.4 Concluding remarksChapter 5 Openings in Chinese Personal Letters5.1 Introduction5.2 Opening strategies5.3 Opening types5，4 Openings and social variables5.5 Concluding remarksChapter 6 Closings in Chinese Personal Letters6.1 Introduction6.2 Closing strategies6.3 Closing types6.4 Combined closings and letter types6.5 Closings and social variables6.6 Concluding remarksChapter 7 Conclusion7.1 Introduction7.2 Major findings of the study7.3 Significance of this study7.4 Limitations of this study7.5 Directions for future researchReferences

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Another recent examination is presented in Zhu’S（1997）study of address forms occurring in Chinese personal letters in relation to politeness phenomena．Based on the authentic data：the researcher finds that the address forms employed in letters differ across different social relationship：100％of family members address the other with the marked form（full name is taken as an unmarked form），while 86％ of non-family members use such a type of addressing．The researcher also finds that among the marked forms：family members preferred to use the intimacy-oriented form（e．g．endearing term plus name），while non-family members favour the use of a more polite one（e．g． respectful term plus name）．Using Gu’S（1990）model of Chinese politeness，Zhu explains that intimacy takes precedence over social rank in the address forms of family letters，but familiarity rather than social position is emphasised more among friends and lovers（1997： 19）．Discovering the different orientations reflected in the address forms used by family and non·family people：Zhu also finds that the addressing structures are more complex in non-family letters than in family letters．Zhu points out that the choice of address forms is determined by the degree of intimacy：familiarity and social rank．The degree of influence of each of these factors varies with different contexts．Zhu attributes all these results to Chinese people’S manifestation of politeness under the category of "the Address Maxim，，proposed by Gu（1990）in his conceptualization of politeness in modem China．These observations provide further evidence of the effect of solidarity and status upon address practices in particular situations，and highlight a reason to investigate the address form in relation to politeness（Blum 1997；Kroger&Wood 1992）．　　In 1999：Zhu explored the current trends in Chinese business communication in a study which focused on examining linguistic forms of salutations and other formulaic moves：SUch as headings： greetings and expressing good wishes．

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