指示語的認(rèn)知模型解析

內(nèi)容概要

　　語言中普遍存在的指示現(xiàn)象是語言學(xué)研究的重要課題。傳統(tǒng)研究已經(jīng)對指示現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了非常詳細(xì)的描寫，但仍然缺乏系統(tǒng)的理論框架。近幾年指示語的認(rèn)知研究雖然開辟了新的途徑，但這些研究大多側(cè)重個別指示現(xiàn)象，或者只強(qiáng)調(diào)指示語的經(jīng)驗(yàn)解釋。基于此，本研究建立了一個指示語認(rèn)知模型，形象地描寫指示的認(rèn)知過程并據(jù)此揭示指示現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì)。，該模型的建立不僅能發(fā)展指示理論，同時為人工智能理解指示語提供準(zhǔn)備，具有理論意義和實(shí)用價值?！　⊥ㄟ^分析形成指示現(xiàn)象的認(rèn)知機(jī)制，即視角及視角轉(zhuǎn)移、概念隱喻和認(rèn)識模式，我們將指示語的認(rèn)知模型定義為一個以說話人為原點(diǎn)，以空間、時間和情態(tài)為軸的笛卡兒坐標(biāo)系，用矢量描寫指示語在該系統(tǒng)中的語義結(jié)構(gòu)。該模型涉及人稱指示、空間指示、時間指示和情態(tài)指示，能夠最大限度地涵蓋指示現(xiàn)象。模型的結(jié)構(gòu)和使用也以認(rèn)知機(jī)制為基礎(chǔ)，其中視角、空間隱喻和認(rèn)識模式為模型基本結(jié)構(gòu)的建立提供依據(jù)，而視角轉(zhuǎn)移使模型以動態(tài)的方式解決問題。此外，概念隱喻使該模型的各層面存在關(guān)聯(lián)，也使該模型成為一個有機(jī)系統(tǒng)。矢量的體現(xiàn)和運(yùn)行也有其感知和神經(jīng)生理基礎(chǔ)，視角和遠(yuǎn)近空間差異決定矢量的方向和大小，而視角轉(zhuǎn)移可以導(dǎo)致矢量的遷移、放大和縮小。這樣一個以認(rèn)知為基礎(chǔ)的模型能夠形象地模擬指示語在經(jīng)驗(yàn)世界的產(chǎn)生和應(yīng)用，清楚地展現(xiàn)指示語在言語交際中的認(rèn)知“路徑”?！　≈甘菊Z的認(rèn)知模型采用幾何空間模擬指示語的概念化過程。本研究以傳統(tǒng)研究中的典型指示語和日常用語中的指示語為語料，用矢量空間描寫其語義結(jié)構(gòu)。人稱代詞和指示代詞定位于物理空間軸，它們的定位存在某種內(nèi)在關(guān)系。呼語和移情指示則定位于心理空間軸。在時間軸和情態(tài)軸上識別事件，已知現(xiàn)實(shí)由過去時間和現(xiàn)在時間表達(dá)，潛在現(xiàn)實(shí)由將來時間和情態(tài)動詞表達(dá)。借助該模型，現(xiàn)在、過去和將來時態(tài)的一些異常用法可以得到合理的解釋。同時，該模型中協(xié)調(diào)系統(tǒng)的整體移動為移動動詞、歷史現(xiàn)在時和條件句等用法提供了充分的說明。

書籍目錄

AcknowledgementsAbstract摘要List of FiguresChapter 1 Introduction11．1 Significance of the Study1．2 Research Objectives1．3 Research Methodology1．4 Organization of the BookChapter 2 Traditional Studies on Deixis2．1 Main Contributions Made by Philosophers and Linguists2．2 General Description of Deixis2．2．1Characteristics ofDeixis2．2．2 Definition of Deixis2．2．3Semantic Features OfDeixis2．2．4Classification of Deixis2．2．5 Usages ofDeixis2．3Main Problems in the Traditional Studies2．3．1 Lack OfNature．based Definition2．3．2 Deictic Projection2．3．3 Vague Relations between Categories ofDeixis2．4 SummaryChapter 3 Cognitive Approaches to Deixis．．203．1 Introduction：Epistemic Basis of Deixis3．2 Epistemic Grounding3．2．1 Grounding Elements and Their Deictic Nature3．2．2 Types ofDeictic Expressions3．2．3 Cognitive Motivations ofDeictic Expressions3．3 Mental Spaces3．3．1Basic Ideas ofMental Spaces3．3．2 Application ofMental Spaces in the Study ofDeixis3．4 Vantage Point and Field of Vision3．5 SummaryChapter 4 Toward a Cognitive Model of Deixis4．1 Introduction：a Model Based on Situation and Cognition4．2 Cognitive Motivations for the Model4．2．1 Viewpoint and Viewpoint Shift4．2．2 Conceptual Metaphor4．2．3 Epistemic Models4．3 Structure of the Model4．3．1 A Three.axis Coordinate System4．3．2 Vector and Vector Space4．4 SummaryChapter 5 Semantic Configuration of Deixis in the Model5．1 Person Deixis5．1．1 Person Deixis on the Space Axis5．1．2 Deictic Projection between Persons5．2 Space Deixis5．2．1 Proximal／distal Relation on the Space Axis5．2．2Verbs of Morion5．2．3 Prepositions with Deictic Use5．3 Time Deixis5.3．1 Time Deictic Terms5．3．2 Tense5．4 Modal Deixis5．4．1 Degrees ofEpistemic Distance5．4．2Real Conditions and Unreal Conditions5．5 SummaryChapter 6 Reconsideration of Deixis from the Perspective of Cognition6．1 Definition and Semantic Features6．2 Subjectivity and Grammatical Features6．3 Deixis as a System and Its Model Structure6．4 SummaryChapter 7 Conclusions1237．1 Summary of the Study7．2 Major Findings of the Study7．3 Limitations and Suggestions for Further StudiesBibliographyList of Figures3.1 Field of vision：participant roles j and you3.2 Field of vision：participant roles with two perspectives3.3 Field of vision：demonstratives this and that3.4 Field of vision：tenses4.1 Structure of the cognitive model of deixis605.1 Personal pronouns and vocatives5.2 j is transferred into you5.3 Third person is transferred into we5.4 Demonstratives on the physical and psychological space axes5.5 Verbs of motion5.6 Configuration ofcoming5.7 Came with home base as reference point5.8 Come in a hypothetical space5.9 Configuration of infront of5.10 Prototypical time deictic terms5.11 Configuration ofyesterday with other reference point5.12 Present tense．past tense and future tense5.13 Past future.5.14 Historical present and present tense in a hypothetical space5.15 Present perfect5.16 Past perfect5.17 Future perfect5.18 Epistemic distance of modals5.19 Real and unreal conditions5.20 Unreal condition in the present5.21 Unreal condition in the past5.22 Unreal condition in the futuretem model of deixis

章節(jié)摘錄

　　1．1 Significance of the Study　Diesis，as a universal language phenomenon： is an important topic in linguistic studies．From the end of the 19th century：philoso-phers and semanticists did intermittent researches on diesis．Until1934，Bailers now-here-I system of subjective orientation laid the theoretical foundations for the study of diesis．In the subsequent1950s and 1960s，diesis jumped into the focus of pragmatics and Theo-recital linguistics．From the 1970s to the 1990s，a more comprehensive study of diesis was made by Lyons，F(xiàn)illmore and Levin son：etc．These studies provide a considerably detailed description of diesis in its characteristics ： definition： semantic feature，categorization and usage： but scatter in different linguists’academic papers and works without being fully developed in theoretical depth．Till now：there are still number of problems unsolved in de~~is，among which lack of na-ture-based definition： deictic projection： and vague relations between categories of delis are most obvious．These problems are greatly dueto the underdeveloped theoretical framework of deixis．　With the development of cognitive linguistics in recent years，some linguists adopted cognitive approaches to delis，including epistemic grounding： mental spaces，and field of vision．

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