社會(huì)迷亂決定因素研究

前言

　　犯罪這顆毒瘤歷來是社會(huì)諸熱點(diǎn)問題之一，千百年來解釋犯罪原因、控制、預(yù)防及矯正的理論層出不窮。一般而言，犯罪學(xué)理論可簡單地分為宏觀理論（macro-level theories）與微觀理論（micro-level theories）。在宏觀層面上，犯罪學(xué)家們往往為發(fā)掘犯罪或偏差之社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)方面的原因絞盡腦汁。這些理論主要包括社會(huì)控制理論（social control theory）、社會(huì)解體理論（social disorganization theory）及文化沖突理論（culture conflict theory）等等。而在微觀方面，犯罪學(xué)理論則較關(guān)注個(gè)人因素（individual factors），例如生物特征與心理軌跡與犯罪或偏差之間的關(guān)系。這方面的理論不外乎理性選擇理論（rational choice theory）、犯罪生物學(xué)理論（biology of criminal conduct）與犯罪心理學(xué)理論（psychology of criminal conduct）等。除此之外，尚有為數(shù)不少的理論試圖在宏觀與微觀方面尋求某種平衡點(diǎn)，以彌補(bǔ)兩者對(duì)解釋犯罪原因有所偏頗或疏漏的困境，其中社會(huì)迷亂理論即為其中最為重要的犯罪學(xué)理論之一。

內(nèi)容概要

　　由于犯罪學(xué)家對(duì)“迷亂”這一核心概念的理解與解釋各不相同，自20世紀(jì)中葉至本世紀(jì)初，他們運(yùn)用不同的實(shí)證研究方法對(duì)這一概念進(jìn)行了研究，以期發(fā)現(xiàn)預(yù)測個(gè)人與社會(huì)迷亂程度的關(guān)聯(lián)因素。本書在總結(jié)既往相關(guān)研究的基礎(chǔ)上，運(yùn)用跨國數(shù)據(jù)庫與分層線性統(tǒng)計(jì)模型，對(duì)“迷亂”這一概念進(jìn)行實(shí)證研究，以期驗(yàn)證默頓等犯罪學(xué)家就若干人口變量及經(jīng)濟(jì)變量在個(gè)人與國家（或地區(qū)）層面上是否可以解釋現(xiàn)今社會(huì)迷亂特別是美國社會(huì)的迷亂現(xiàn)象?！　【唧w而言，本書所使用之原始數(shù)據(jù)源自1995年《歐洲與世界價(jià)值觀調(diào)查》（Europe and World Value Survey）及聯(lián)合國有關(guān)調(diào)查。在對(duì)社會(huì)迷亂理論進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)理論回顧、梳理及對(duì)既往實(shí)證研究進(jìn)行總結(jié)后，借助分層線性模型，系統(tǒng)研究30個(gè)主要國家及地區(qū)的人口變量及經(jīng)濟(jì)變量在個(gè)人與國家層面上對(duì)社會(huì)迷亂之影響?！　”卷?xiàng)實(shí)證研究的結(jié)果表明，在諸多涉及個(gè)人層面的人口變量之中，性別、年齡和婚姻狀況等三個(gè)主要變量為社會(huì)迷亂理論之重要預(yù)測因素。而部分與經(jīng)濟(jì)有關(guān)的變量在個(gè)人和國家層面上均顯示出對(duì)社會(huì)迷亂顯著的影響。在全部自變量中，社會(huì)變遷，特別是一個(gè)國家是否曾經(jīng)歷劇烈的歷史變遷，對(duì)社會(huì)迷亂的影響最甚。這項(xiàng)研究支持下述假設(shè)：諸國均存在一定程度的社會(huì)迷亂，社會(huì)迷亂如涂爾干所預(yù)測的那樣具有普遍性；當(dāng)個(gè)人關(guān)注于物質(zhì)財(cái)富上的成功而甚少關(guān)注以合理合法的手段來取得這一成功的時(shí)候，社會(huì)迷亂就會(huì)發(fā)生；美國社會(huì)迷亂的平均水平并非如默頓所預(yù)言的那么高，這或許表明“美國夢(mèng)”正逐漸喪失其由金錢及物欲驅(qū)動(dòng)的本性，人們的思想正在經(jīng)歷一系列的“價(jià)值轉(zhuǎn)變”。

作者簡介

Dr. Ruohui Zhao is currently an assistant professor of criminology at University of Macau, Macau SAR, China. She earned her Ph.D. in cririainal justice from University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA. Her  research  interests  include criminological theory, juvenile delinquency, and community-based corrections. Her articles have recently appeared or are forthcoming in such journals as Social Forces, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, and Criminal Justice and Behavior,

書籍目錄

CHAPTER ONE STATEMNET OF THE PROBLEM  　Introduction  　Main Criminological Theories to Explain Crime  　Anomie Theory  　Verification of A Theory  　Purpose of The Current Study  　The Current Study  　Organization of The Book  CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE  　Historical Evolution of Anomie Theory  　Theoretical Perspectives  　  The Anomie Perspective        Durkheim's Theory on Social Structure and Anomie        Merton's Instrumental Anomie and Differential Opportunity Strain        Recent Revisions to Anomie Theory--Messner and Rosenfeld's Institutional Anomie Theory  　  The Strain Perspeetive--A Brief Discussion  　Definition and Consequences of Anomie    　Durkheim and Merton's Conceptualization of Anomie      Later Conceptualization of Anomie      Macro-social Anomie vs. Micro-individual Anomie   Operationalization of the Concept of Anomie Scales of Anomie     Explanatory Variables Used in the Previous Studies        One Country Studies:Economic-related Explanatory Variables and Findings        One Country Studies:Non-economic Explanatory Variables and Findings        Cross-national Studies:Explanatory Variables and Findings  　Significance of The Current Study  CHAPTER THREE METHODS  　The Research Hypotheses  　The Necessity of Using Multilevel Analysis    　The Importance of Multi-Level Analysis  　  Limitations of Previous Statistical Techniques in Conducting Multi-Level Analysis    The Advantages of Using Multilevel Statistical Methods    Procedures in Conducting the HLM Analysis  　The Sample    　Individual-level Data Source:The World Values Survey    　National-level Data Sources  　The Variables    　The Dependent Variable  　  The Independent Variables  CHAPTER FOUR  RESULTS  　Descriptive Analysis    　Nation Differences in Anomie     　The Independent Variables at the Individual-level     　The Independent Variables at the National-level  　The HLM Analysis  CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION  　Clarification of the Concept of Anomie  　The Determinants of Anomie  　Explaining the Low Level of Anomie in the United States  　Monetary Success vs. Legitimate Means    　Further Discussions on the "Value Shift"   　The Effect of Rapid Social Change on Anomie      Change from One Type of Society to Another --The Nation Effect on Anomie      Interaction of Economic Growth with Nation Type  　The Limitations of the Present Study and Suggestions for the Future Research  Conclusion  REFERENCES  APPENDIX ONE  APPENDIX TWO  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT     后記

章節(jié)摘錄

　　state of anomie， a breakdown in the ability of society to regulate the natural appetites of individuals （Void et al， 2002 ）. Durkheim saw all societies as being in some stage of progression between the mechanical and the organic structures， with no society being totally one or the other （Void et al，2002）.　　Law plays a critical role in maintaining the social solidarity of both types of societies. In the mechanical society， law functions to en- force the uniformity of the members and thus is oriented toward re- pressing any deviation from the norms. Such law is often termed as "repressive law". In the organic society， law functions to regulate the interactions of the various parties of society and provides restitution in cases of wrongful transactions. Such law is often termed as "restitution- al law" （Durkheim， [1893 ] 1984）.Durkheim argued that in the me- chanical society（ collective conscience dominates the society）， crime is "normal" in the sense that a society without crime would be pathologically over controlled. As the society develops toward the organic form， it is possible for a pathological state， anomie， to occur， and such a state would produce a variety of social maladies， including crime （Void et al， 2002 ； Lanier & Henry， 2004 ）.　　Durkheim believed that a high level of crime is the result of societal change from mechanical society to organic society. When a society moves from mechanical society to organic society， the moral regulation of behavior is undermined by the structural divisions and by a cult of the individual， which promotes unlimited aspirations， and some of which involve criminal behavior（Durkheim， [ 1893 ] 1984）.

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